• 107 •:@0.839890:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.839890:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.659223:0.071740:0.672095:0.071740:0.672095:0.055694:0.659223:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第四章 自由民主理性批判:@0.672095:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.672095:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.723582:0.073066:0.732163:0.073066:0.732163:0.057020:0.723582:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
 :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.004291
人类发展有千万条道路，人权只是其中之一。在真实的历史中，无论是一战、二:@0.175676:0.119342:0.881272:0.119342:0.881272:0.103257:0.175676:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020025:0.020183:0.020023
战或“冷战”中，人权都是被边缘化的，因为它们对于结果无关紧要，也解决不了任:@0.135135:0.143913:0.881017:0.143913:0.881017:0.127829:0.135135:0.127829:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
何问题，在联合国的宪章中也不过是一道点缀。只是在“冷战”结束之后，美国等西:@0.135135:0.168485:0.881015:0.168485:0.881015:0.152400:0.135135:0.152400:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
方政府才把人权变成了西方势力输出与扩张的工具，提出“人权高于主权”的口号，:@0.135135:0.193056:0.881173:0.193056:0.881173:0.176972:0.135135:0.176972:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
实质是把它作为干涉别国内政的堂而皇之的借口，于今更是把它作为攻击中国的重磅:@0.135135:0.217628:0.880875:0.217628:0.880875:0.201543:0.135135:0.201543:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
武器，并且俨然以人权的祖师爷自居，恰如莫恩描述的那样，“藐视大国对于它们的:@0.135135:0.242199:0.881097:0.242199:0.881097:0.226115:0.135135:0.226115:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
解释……意味着轰炸、入侵和占领……伊拉克业已显示，人权可能是至高无上的，而:@0.135135:0.266771:0.880935:0.266771:0.880935:0.250686:0.135135:0.250686:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
人却不是。”（塞缪尔·莫恩《最后的乌托邦：历史中的人权》）施瓦辛伯格更是指出：:@0.135135:0.291342:0.886087:0.291342:0.886087:0.275257:0.135135:0.275257:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016503:0.012981:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018263:0.018261:0.020023:0.016503:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018262:0.018261:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016503:0.016503:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018261:0.020023
“以为能在东西两个世界之间找到一个人权的共同特征，其实是忽略了人民‘民主’:@0.135135:0.315913:0.881331:0.315913:0.881331:0.299829:0.135135:0.299829:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020023
的真正结构。”（转引自塞缪尔·莫恩《最后的乌托邦：历史中的人权》）:@0.135135:0.340485:0.795879:0.340485:0.795879:0.324400:0.135135:0.324400:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
人权、民主如一切事业一样，都有一个发展的过程，都有阶段性，都有一个从不:@0.175676:0.365056:0.881270:0.365056:0.881270:0.348972:0.175676:0.348972:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
完善到完善的规律。中国虽然在维护和促进人权上已经取得巨大成就，但还存在许多:@0.135135:0.389628:0.881125:0.389628:0.881125:0.373543:0.135135:0.373543:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
有待完善的地方。继续促进人权的发展，努力达到社会主义所要求的实现充分人权的:@0.135135:0.414199:0.881125:0.414199:0.881125:0.398115:0.135135:0.398115:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
崇高目标，仍然是中国人民和政府的一项长期的历史任务。当前，中国共产党正带领:@0.135135:0.438771:0.881255:0.438771:0.881255:0.422686:0.135135:0.422686:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
全国人民为实现第二个百年奋斗目标而努力，到新中国成立:@0.135135:0.463342:0.659566:0.463342:0.659566:0.447257:0.135135:0.447257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
100:@0.664671:0.464382:0.694705:0.464382:0.694705:0.445662:0.664671:0.445662:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年时，中国将建成富:@0.699751:0.463342:0.881075:0.463342:0.881075:0.447257:0.699751:0.447257:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。到那时，中国人民的各项权利必将得到:@0.135135:0.487913:0.881125:0.487913:0.881125:0.471829:0.135135:0.471829:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
更高水平的保障，中国人民将更加享有尊严、自由和幸福。到那时，世界将因中国而:@0.135135:0.512485:0.881095:0.512485:0.881095:0.496400:0.135135:0.496400:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
更加繁荣发展，中国必将为推动世界人权事业发展做出更大贡献。:@0.135135:0.537056:0.715789:0.537056:0.715789:0.520972:0.135135:0.520972:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
五、民主的阶级性、政治性、非理性和有限性:@0.172973:0.576321:0.630631:0.576321:0.630631:0.558003:0.172973:0.558003:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883
（一）民主的阶级性:@0.172973:0.611882:0.361757:0.611882:0.361757:0.594106:0.172973:0.594106:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
我们知道，民主就是人民做主，然而，人民不是完整统一的。自原始社会之后，:@0.175676:0.634809:0.881110:0.634809:0.881110:0.618724:0.175676:0.618724:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
人民便按照经济地位及其政治态度分属于不同的阶级和阶层。因而我们说民主，就一:@0.135135:0.659381:0.881125:0.659381:0.881125:0.643296:0.135135:0.643296:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
定要说到阶级，因为民主是有阶级性的。不同阶级性质的国家实行的民主政治，具有:@0.135135:0.683952:0.881255:0.683952:0.881255:0.667867:0.135135:0.667867:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
不同的阶级性。:@0.135135:0.708523:0.275293:0.708523:0.275293:0.692439:0.135135:0.692439:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
首先我们要知道，阶级的出现与私有制一样早，在阶级社会中，由于在社会地位、:@0.175676:0.733095:0.891093:0.733095:0.891093:0.717010:0.175676:0.717010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
生活水平以及谋生手段上存在着差异，这种差异导致不同的阶级划分。英法历史编纂:@0.135135:0.757666:0.881125:0.757666:0.881125:0.741582:0.135135:0.741582:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
学家研究了新兴阶级（即资产阶级）与贵族、僧侣、地主等旧势力间的斗争史，发现:@0.135135:0.782238:0.881017:0.782238:0.881017:0.766153:0.135135:0.766153:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
由新兴阶级所建立起来的资本主义社会相比过去要进步了许多，所以他们认为新旧阶:@0.135135:0.806809:0.880875:0.806809:0.880875:0.790725:0.135135:0.790725:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
级之间的斗争是社会发展的动力。马克思与恩格斯承认了这一阶级斗争理论。在《:@0.135135:0.831381:0.841036:0.831381:0.841036:0.815296:0.135135:0.815296:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.015051:0.020023
1848:@0.841036:0.832421:0.881081:0.832421:0.881081:0.813700:0.841036:0.813700:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年至:@0.135135:0.855952:0.175711:0.855952:0.175711:0.839868:0.135135:0.839868:0.020553:0.020023
1850:@0.180847:0.856992:0.220892:0.856992:0.220892:0.838272:0.180847:0.838272:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年的法兰西阶级斗争》中，马克思特别批判了“人民偶像崇拜主义”，这:@0.226038:0.855952:0.881115:0.855952:0.881115:0.839868:0.226038:0.839868:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020563:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020287:0.020563:0.020023:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020023:0.020563:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020553:0.020289:0.020023:0.020553:0.020023
种思想把“人民”当做了一个抽象的字眼，认为大多数人都是具有同一利益和同一观:@0.135135:0.880524:0.881331:0.880524:0.881331:0.864439:0.135135:0.864439:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
点的:@0.135135:0.905095:0.175661:0.905095:0.175661:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020503:0.020023
citoyens:@0.180787:0.906135:0.247512:0.906135:0.247512:0.887415:0.180787:0.887415:0.008890:0.005566:0.005556:0.010011:0.010011:0.008890:0.010011:0.007789
。他们不知道，“人民”其实是由各种不同利益的阶级所组成的。法国:@0.247512:0.905095:0.880947:0.905095:0.880947:0.889010:0.247512:0.889010:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020023:0.020023:0.020503:0.020503:0.020265:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020503:0.020023:0.020503:0.020503:0.020023