• 108 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.160108:0.946969:0.160108:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
在推翻七月王朝之前，大部分人被“博爱”的口号召集到一块，形成一个推翻旧王朝:@0.118919:0.119342:0.864959:0.119342:0.864959:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的合力。然而，一旦这个目标实现，“人民”立马就瓦解成各个力图维护本阶级利益:@0.118919:0.144508:0.864799:0.144508:0.864799:0.128423:0.118919:0.128423:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的集团。工人要求提高工资，资本家却希望增加利润；小店主呼吁降低租金，房东则:@0.118919:0.169674:0.864879:0.169674:0.864879:0.153590:0.118919:0.153590:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
集体发起抗议；:@0.118919:0.194840:0.259878:0.194840:0.259878:0.178756:0.118919:0.178756:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
—:@0.260213:0.194840:0.300258:0.194840:0.300258:0.178756:0.260213:0.178756:0.040045
“人民”之间的利益并不完全一致，阶级矛盾与斗争一直存在。:@0.300258:0.194840:0.864815:0.194840:0.864815:0.178756:0.300258:0.178756:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
所以，“阶级斗争，一些阶级胜利了，一些阶级消灭了。这就是历史，这就是几千年:@0.118919:0.220006:0.864879:0.220006:0.864879:0.203922:0.118919:0.203922:0.020193:0.020023:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
的文明史” 。所以，政治研究向来以阶级为分析重点，从阶级和阶级斗争的角度分:@0.118919:0.245173:0.864647:0.245173:0.864647:0.229088:0.118919:0.229088:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020237:0.020023:0.011668:0.020443:0.020443:0.020023:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020023:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020443:0.020023
a:@0.220531:0.236177:0.232180:0.236177:0.232180:0.228112:0.220531:0.228112:0.011650
析政治现象是政治学最重要的研究方法。:@0.118919:0.270339:0.479325:0.270339:0.479325:0.254254:0.118919:0.254254:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
西方的民主观认为，民主之所以正确，是因为人民没有对立的利益，其实差矣！:@0.159460:0.295505:0.865056:0.295505:0.865056:0.279420:0.159460:0.279420:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
人民就是一体？没有分化？不，绝不是的！党外有党，党内有派，凡有人群的地方就:@0.118919:0.320671:0.864887:0.320671:0.864887:0.304586:0.118919:0.304586:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020021:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
有左中右，人民也不是铁板一块。城市和乡村、工人和农民、眼前和长远、中产阶级:@0.118919:0.345837:0.864719:0.345837:0.864719:0.329752:0.118919:0.329752:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
和工人阶级、芝加哥人和纽约人、民主党和共和党的利益不都是一致的，如果人民的:@0.118919:0.371003:0.865039:0.371003:0.865039:0.354919:0.118919:0.354919:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
利益始终是一致的，那么为什么在大选中会出现:@0.118919:0.396169:0.547762:0.396169:0.547762:0.380085:0.118919:0.380085:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020023:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020023
49%:@0.552807:0.397209:0.589509:0.397209:0.589509:0.378489:0.552807:0.378489:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
与:@0.594615:0.396169:0.614637:0.396169:0.614637:0.380085:0.594615:0.380085:0.020023
51%:@0.619743:0.397209:0.656444:0.397209:0.656444:0.378489:0.619743:0.378489:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
的对立？事实上，许多:@0.661550:0.396169:0.864861:0.396169:0.864861:0.380085:0.661550:0.380085:0.020463:0.020463:0.020025:0.020463:0.020463:0.020463:0.020023:0.020463:0.020463:0.020023
民主运动的分化正证明了人民的利益并不都是一致的。他们有共同的利益，也有相互:@0.118919:0.421335:0.864909:0.421335:0.864909:0.405251:0.118919:0.405251:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
对立的利益，既有一致的意见，也有不同的政见和意见，尤其在利益多元化的今天，:@0.118919:0.446502:0.864879:0.446502:0.864879:0.430417:0.118919:0.430417:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
自由民主只能加重社会对立与分裂，只有集中民主才能集思广义，兼顾各方。:@0.118919:0.471668:0.799685:0.471668:0.799685:0.455583:0.118919:0.455583:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
历史上，统治者或野心家以各种堂皇的借口和理论来利用人民，在他们得势的时:@0.159460:0.496834:0.864733:0.496834:0.864733:0.480749:0.159460:0.480749:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
候，把人民晾在一边，在他们失势的时候却千方百计巴结人民，而在他们企图夺势的:@0.118919:0.522000:0.865039:0.522000:0.865039:0.505915:0.118919:0.505915:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
时候则又是不遗余力不择手段地煽动人民。法国是较早的所谓民主国家，让我们听听:@0.118919:0.547166:0.864909:0.547166:0.864909:0.531081:0.118919:0.531081:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
来自法国的托克维尔这位民主大师是如何评价法国的主人、人民和民主的：“在法国，:@0.118919:0.572332:0.874876:0.572332:0.874876:0.556248:0.118919:0.556248:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019208:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
国王们总是以最积极和最彻底的平等主义者自诩。当他们野心勃勃和力量强大的时候，:@0.118919:0.597498:0.874876:0.597498:0.874876:0.581414:0.118919:0.581414:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015123:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
极力将民众提高到贵族的水平；当他们是庸碌无能之辈的时候，竟容许民众上升到比:@0.118919:0.622664:0.864909:0.622664:0.864909:0.606580:0.118919:0.606580:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
他们自己还高的地位。有些国王依靠他们的才能帮助了民主，而另一些国王则因为他:@0.118919:0.647831:0.864909:0.647831:0.864909:0.631746:0.118919:0.631746:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
们无道而帮助了民主。路易十一和路易十四，始终关心全体臣民在他们王位之下保持:@0.118919:0.672997:0.864909:0.672997:0.864909:0.656912:0.118919:0.656912:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
平等，而路易十五终于使他本人连同王室一起化为灰烬。”哈哈！所以，我们还是要“正:@0.118919:0.698163:0.864865:0.698163:0.864865:0.682078:0.118919:0.682078:0.020023:0.020023:0.013037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013035:0.013037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013035:0.020023:0.020023
确理解民主和人民”！:@0.118919:0.723329:0.319144:0.723329:0.319144:0.707244:0.118919:0.707244:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
 :@0.319144:0.724369:0.324150:0.724369:0.324150:0.705649:0.319144:0.705649:0.005006
“人民”是个抽象的利益共同体，而真实存在的只是各个不同利益的阶级。我们:@0.159460:0.748495:0.864667:0.748495:0.864667:0.732410:0.159460:0.732410:0.020163:0.020163:0.020097:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
看到，马克思恩格斯从不说自己的理论代表“人民”的利益，他们只站在无产阶级的:@0.118919:0.773661:0.864957:0.773661:0.864957:0.757576:0.118919:0.757576:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
立场来看问题。英法历史编纂学家自称站在“人民”的立场，代表“人民”的利益，:@0.118919:0.798827:0.864887:0.798827:0.864887:0.782743:0.118919:0.782743:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020021:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020203:0.020107:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020024:0.020193:0.020193:0.020107:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020023
其实他们所代表的只是资产阶级的利益而已。马克思与恩格斯不屑于隐瞒自己的观点，:@0.118919:0.823993:0.874876:0.823993:0.874876:0.807909:0.118919:0.807909:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015123:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
所以他们直接说自己所代表的不是“人民”的利益，而是无产阶级的利益。“人民万:@0.118919:0.849160:0.864801:0.849160:0.864801:0.833075:0.118919:0.833075:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
岁”只在特定场合、特定语境、特定条件下具有真理性。毛主席的“人民，只有人民，:@0.118919:0.874326:0.874876:0.874326:0.874876:0.858241:0.118919:0.858241:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019208:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
a :@0.118919:0.903806:0.147494:0.903806:0.147494:0.893925:0.118919:0.893925:0.014273:0.014302
《毛泽东选集》第四卷，第:@0.145946:0.904738:0.317568:0.904738:0.317568:0.893575:0.145946:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
1491:@0.321143:0.905481:0.349747:0.905481:0.349747:0.892109:0.321143:0.892109:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
页。:@0.353322:0.904738:0.381926:0.904738:0.381926:0.893575:0.353322:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302