• 117 •:@0.840456:0.946969:0.881081:0.946969:0.881081:0.932706:0.840456:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007063:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.281656:0.071740:0.294527:0.071740:0.294527:0.055694:0.281656:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第五章 集中民主的理性论证—集中民主的自然性、合理性、必要性和必然性:@0.294527:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.294527:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.346014:0.073066:0.354595:0.073066:0.354595:0.057020:0.346014:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
  :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.000000:0.004291
制，而代议制本身就是集中民主的一种方式：由公民选出代表，组成代议机关行使国:@0.135135:0.119342:0.881255:0.119342:0.881255:0.103257:0.135135:0.103257:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
家权力。中国人民代表大会制度就是新型的代议制，由人民选举代表组成人民代表大:@0.135135:0.143897:0.881125:0.143897:0.881125:0.127812:0.135135:0.127812:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
会，人大代表集中各地选民的意见、主张和提案，参政议政，统一行使国家权力和民:@0.135135:0.168451:0.881095:0.168451:0.881095:0.152367:0.135135:0.152367:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
主权力。:@0.135135:0.193006:0.215225:0.193006:0.215225:0.176922:0.135135:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
文明是设计出来的。人类进化，既有自然，也有人为。进化到现在，人为的与自:@0.175676:0.217561:0.881110:0.217561:0.881110:0.201477:0.175676:0.201477:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
然的差距越来越大，就是说，人类组织化、制度化的数据处理和问题处理方式与人类:@0.135135:0.242116:0.881255:0.242116:0.881255:0.226031:0.135135:0.226031:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
本能与自然思考方式的差距越来越大，重要性也越来越高。这种进步趋势与集中民主:@0.135135:0.266671:0.881125:0.266671:0.881125:0.250586:0.135135:0.250586:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
的思维方式和思想精髓是相一致的。:@0.135135:0.291225:0.455496:0.291225:0.455496:0.275141:0.135135:0.275141:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
概念是现实的反映。集中民主正是民主过程的客观反映。集中民主实乃天然之程:@0.175676:0.315780:0.880950:0.315780:0.880950:0.299696:0.175676:0.299696:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
序、天演之公式，天下之公例、公理！而对集中民主的研究，实质上是对历史进程的:@0.135135:0.340335:0.880935:0.340335:0.880935:0.324250:0.135135:0.324250:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
内部联系的逻辑研究。:@0.135135:0.364890:0.335361:0.364890:0.335361:0.348805:0.135135:0.348805:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
（三）集中民主是管理发展和政治发展的必然趋势:@0.172973:0.391089:0.634445:0.391089:0.634445:0.373313:0.172973:0.373313:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
自由民主固守少数服从多数的原则，以票数取胜，任何情况下都是:@0.175676:0.413999:0.792250:0.413999:0.792250:0.397915:0.175676:0.397915:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.020023:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.020023:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.021404:0.020023
49%:@0.797596:0.415039:0.834297:0.415039:0.834297:0.396319:0.797596:0.396319:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
服从:@0.839643:0.413999:0.881070:0.413999:0.881070:0.397915:0.839643:0.397915:0.021404:0.020023
51%:@0.135135:0.439594:0.171836:0.439594:0.171836:0.420874:0.135135:0.420874:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
，有时是对的，但绝不符合所有情况。我们知道，有一个组织原则是下级服从上级，:@0.171836:0.438554:0.891092:0.438554:0.891092:0.422469:0.171836:0.422469:0.014628:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.014628:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.014628:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.014627:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
这就不是少数服从多数，而是多数服从少数。民主政治就是众人管理众人之事，但这:@0.135135:0.463109:0.881255:0.463109:0.881255:0.447024:0.135135:0.447024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
个众却是分为两部分的，一部分是管理者，一部分是被管理者，管理者永远是少数，:@0.135135:0.487664:0.881095:0.487664:0.881095:0.471579:0.135135:0.471579:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
被管理者永远是多数，管理活动本身就是管理者与被管理者的对立统一，就是民主与:@0.135135:0.512218:0.881125:0.512218:0.881125:0.496134:0.135135:0.496134:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
集中的对立统一，被管理者运用民主，参与管理，管理者发扬民主，集思广益，最后:@0.135135:0.536773:0.880933:0.536773:0.880933:0.520689:0.135135:0.520689:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020021:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
决策。所以任何管理都必须既有民主，又有集中，而不能只有民主，没有集中，这才:@0.135135:0.561328:0.880933:0.561328:0.880933:0.545243:0.135135:0.545243:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020021:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
是民主管理，民主政治。:@0.135135:0.585883:0.355383:0.585883:0.355383:0.569798:0.135135:0.569798:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
人，人性，人类和人类社会是一个从简单到复杂的发展过程，简单有简单化的管:@0.175676:0.610438:0.880810:0.610438:0.880810:0.594353:0.175676:0.594353:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
理办法，复杂则必须有复杂化的管理办法。民主的形式应当根据人数的多寡、管理幅:@0.135135:0.634992:0.881255:0.634992:0.881255:0.618908:0.135135:0.618908:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
度的宽窄、成员的成熟度，以及历史、传统、文化和国家的安全需要来选择。这就是:@0.135135:0.659547:0.880935:0.659547:0.880935:0.643462:0.135135:0.643462:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
从实际出发，是由客观情况决定的，照搬照抄别人的模式，只能是教条主义，本本主义。:@0.135135:0.684102:0.891092:0.684102:0.891092:0.668017:0.135135:0.668017:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013794:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
过去远古人类的行为模式可能维持几万年不变，可是现在，只要十几二十年，就可能:@0.135135:0.708657:0.881255:0.708657:0.881255:0.692572:0.135135:0.692572:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
改变整个社会结构、人际交往关系和经济活动。人不一样了，人数也不一样了，环境:@0.135135:0.733211:0.881095:0.733211:0.881095:0.717127:0.135135:0.717127:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
条件都不一样了，怎么还能用一样的民主方式？企业家都有这样的体会，几十人和几:@0.135135:0.757766:0.881255:0.757766:0.881255:0.741682:0.135135:0.741682:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
百人的管理方法和方式就不一样了，到了千人甚至上万人那简直就是天壤之别了。几:@0.135135:0.782321:0.881125:0.782321:0.881125:0.766236:0.135135:0.766236:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020023
十人开个会商量个事非常方便，沟通起来很容易，决策很快。可是几百人上千人就不:@0.135135:0.806876:0.881255:0.806876:0.881255:0.790791:0.135135:0.790791:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
同了，再要开个会不说别的，光是开会的地点就得寻找，仪式、方法也不一样了，程:@0.135135:0.831431:0.880935:0.831431:0.880935:0.815346:0.135135:0.815346:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
序复杂了。到了上万人，那就不要想全体员工大会了，到哪儿去找这样的会堂？这么:@0.135135:0.855985:0.881095:0.855985:0.881095:0.839901:0.135135:0.839901:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
多人和几十人、几百人讲的事、说的话就有区别了。而管理结构、管理队伍、管理层次、:@0.135135:0.880540:0.891092:0.880540:0.891092:0.864456:0.135135:0.864456:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
管理制度都比原先要复杂了，实行民主管理的方式就不一样了，这是必然的。几十人，:@0.135135:0.905095:0.891092:0.905095:0.891092:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023