• 118 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.159544:0.946969:0.159544:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007063:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
全体员工都可直接参与管理，有事大家商议，上百人也可以，但是几百人就不行了，:@0.118919:0.119342:0.864879:0.119342:0.864879:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
上千人甚至上万人那就更崩想了。员工参与管理的方法不同，民主管理的方式就不一:@0.118919:0.143897:0.864909:0.143897:0.864909:0.127812:0.118919:0.127812:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
样了，民主原则要坚持，民主的作风要保持，民主的方式必须改变，不改不行啊！这:@0.118919:0.168451:0.864719:0.168451:0.864719:0.152367:0.118919:0.152367:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
是必然，是客观条件决定的。这就是从实际出发，就是理论联系实际，就是民主的普:@0.118919:0.193006:0.864879:0.193006:0.864879:0.176922:0.118919:0.176922:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
遍原理和民主的具体形式相结合。:@0.118919:0.217561:0.419257:0.217561:0.419257:0.201477:0.118919:0.201477:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
同理，:@0.159460:0.242116:0.219888:0.242116:0.219888:0.226031:0.159460:0.226031:0.020383:0.020023:0.020023
2300:@0.219888:0.243156:0.259933:0.243156:0.259933:0.224436:0.219888:0.224436:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
万人的中国台湾和:@0.265018:0.242116:0.427721:0.242116:0.427721:0.226031:0.265018:0.226031:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
14:@0.432807:0.243156:0.452830:0.243156:0.452830:0.224436:0.432807:0.224436:0.010011:0.010011
亿人的中国大陆，能实行一样的管理方法和方:@0.457915:0.242116:0.864854:0.242116:0.864854:0.226031:0.457915:0.226031:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
式吗？自然不能，而只能立足于各自的情况实施管理，谋求发展，所以要“一国两制”。:@0.118919:0.266671:0.874876:0.266671:0.874876:0.250586:0.118919:0.250586:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023
同理，:@0.118919:0.291225:0.179547:0.291225:0.179547:0.275141:0.118919:0.275141:0.020583:0.020023:0.020023
8000:@0.179547:0.292265:0.219592:0.292265:0.219592:0.273545:0.179547:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
万人的德国和:@0.224738:0.291225:0.347677:0.291225:0.347677:0.275141:0.224738:0.275141:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020023
14:@0.352822:0.292265:0.372845:0.292265:0.372845:0.273545:0.352822:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011
亿人的中国能实行一样的民主管理和民主制度吗？:@0.377991:0.291225:0.829699:0.291225:0.829699:0.275141:0.377991:0.275141:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020583:0.020023:0.020023
300:@0.834845:0.292265:0.864879:0.292265:0.864879:0.273545:0.834845:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年历史的美国和:@0.118919:0.315780:0.259077:0.315780:0.259077:0.299696:0.118919:0.299696:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
5000:@0.261640:0.316820:0.301685:0.316820:0.301685:0.298100:0.261640:0.298100:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年历史的中国能实行一样的民主管理和民主制度吗？不说别的，:@0.304248:0.315780:0.864879:0.315780:0.864879:0.299696:0.304248:0.299696:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
单就东西方文化差异这一条，你就无法实行一样的制度和管理。:@0.118919:0.340335:0.679550:0.340335:0.679550:0.324250:0.118919:0.324250:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
综上，集中民主反映了一种社会组织规律，是人类社会历史发展的必然趋势。我:@0.159460:0.364890:0.864593:0.364890:0.864593:0.348805:0.159460:0.348805:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020023
个人认为，随着时间的推移，社会日益文明和安定，人际的各种关系日益复杂和多样化，:@0.118919:0.389444:0.874876:0.389444:0.874876:0.373360:0.118919:0.373360:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
人们终会感到集中民主的需要和可贵，一定会自觉运用集中民主。因此，集中民主的:@0.118919:0.413999:0.865039:0.413999:0.865039:0.397915:0.118919:0.397915:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
逐渐发展，是事所必至，理所当然。其实，不管是什么领域，从家庭到社会，人们实:@0.118919:0.438554:0.864879:0.438554:0.864879:0.422469:0.118919:0.422469:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
际尊奉和运用的是集中民主，而不是自由民主。:@0.118919:0.463109:0.539392:0.463109:0.539392:0.447024:0.118919:0.447024:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
（四）集中民主契合“民主共和”的代表原理:@0.156757:0.489308:0.576277:0.489308:0.576277:0.471532:0.156757:0.471532:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
我们常听到我们党和国家领导人说“我谨代表中国人民和中国政府……”“我代:@0.159460:0.512218:0.865054:0.512218:0.865054:0.496134:0.159460:0.496134:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
表党中央、国务院、中央军委……”，党和国家领导人是党和国家的合法代表。:@0.118919:0.536773:0.819708:0.536773:0.819708:0.520689:0.118919:0.520689:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
代表原理在政治学说中最初出现的时候是罗马末叶，那时罗马的元首被认为是罗:@0.159460:0.561328:0.864874:0.561328:0.864874:0.545243:0.159460:0.545243:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
马人民全体的代表者。这种代表观念在中世纪帝国的政治上颇有势力。及十四世纪，:@0.118919:0.585883:0.865039:0.585883:0.865039:0.569798:0.118919:0.569798:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
所谓教会的议会运动发生，马西僚和阿康于是倡言：全体人民的代表者，照理只是全:@0.118919:0.610438:0.865039:0.610438:0.865039:0.594353:0.118919:0.594353:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
体人民分区选出的代表所组成的团体。但他们的主张在教会和国家方面都没有发生效:@0.118919:0.634992:0.864659:0.634992:0.864659:0.618908:0.118919:0.618908:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
力。代表原理直到十七世纪始成为政治讨论中的大问题，这时所抱的人民代表的观念:@0.118919:0.659547:0.864909:0.659547:0.864909:0.643462:0.118919:0.643462:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
多半是英国式的观念，所谓人民的单位只是旧日的县区与社团，由这种选区所选出的:@0.118919:0.684102:0.864909:0.684102:0.864909:0.668017:0.118919:0.668017:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
代表只是国会的一种成分，国王与国会还是享有国家的最高权。最后，到了美法革命:@0.118919:0.708657:0.865041:0.708657:0.865041:0.692572:0.118919:0.692572:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020025:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
以后，由于思想及时势的发展与推进，产生了代议制度的民主政治，即所谓共和政治。:@0.118919:0.733211:0.874876:0.733211:0.874876:0.717127:0.118919:0.717127:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
在这种政治中，国家及政府的主要机关是一个人民选出的代表所组成的议会。所谓共:@0.118919:0.757766:0.864901:0.757766:0.864901:0.741682:0.118919:0.741682:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020025:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
和政体，就是与“君主制”相对，采代议制度、国家权力机关和国家元首由选举产生:@0.118919:0.782321:0.864799:0.782321:0.864799:0.766236:0.118919:0.766236:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的民主政体，亦称“民主共和国”。所谓代议制，就是由少数代表通过讨论或辩论进:@0.118919:0.806876:0.864801:0.806876:0.864801:0.790791:0.118919:0.790791:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
行主要立法和行政决策的政治制度和政权组织形式。十九世纪共和政体在西方开始流:@0.118919:0.831431:0.864659:0.831431:0.864659:0.815346:0.118919:0.815346:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
行。在现代政治中，由于人口众多，国家需要有某种形式的代表制，因此在历史发展:@0.118919:0.855985:0.864879:0.855985:0.864879:0.839901:0.118919:0.839901:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
过程中为解决与代表制相关的许多问题，曾有过多种设计和规定。迄今，代议制、代:@0.118919:0.880540:0.864879:0.880540:0.864879:0.864456:0.118919:0.864456:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
表原理无论在社会主义国家还是资本主义国家均被普遍采用和遵循。另外，政党政治:@0.118919:0.905095:0.864909:0.905095:0.864909:0.889010:0.118919:0.889010:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023