• 143 •:@0.839890:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.839890:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.281656:0.071740:0.294527:0.071740:0.294527:0.055694:0.281656:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第五章 集中民主的理性论证—集中民主的自然性、合理性、必要性和必然性:@0.294527:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.294527:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.346014:0.073066:0.354595:0.073066:0.354595:0.057020:0.346014:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
  :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.000000:0.004291
人，不附和于俗人，建立大功大业的人，不必和普通人商议，能使国家强盛，旧的章:@0.135135:0.119342:0.880937:0.119342:0.880937:0.103257:0.135135:0.103257:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
法便可换一换。”当时有个叫甘龙的大臣立即反对，他说：“一点也不对，旧法度官:@0.135135:0.143897:0.881103:0.143897:0.881103:0.127812:0.135135:0.127812:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020021:0.020023:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
吏熟悉，民众习惯，大家一起正好相安无事。”商鞅回答说：“平庸的人安于现状，:@0.135135:0.168451:0.881195:0.168451:0.881195:0.152367:0.135135:0.152367:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020023
平常的读书人局限于自己的见解，这两种人只能守着现在的摊子，实在不值得跟他们:@0.135135:0.193006:0.881125:0.193006:0.881125:0.176922:0.135135:0.176922:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
谈现实和他们知识之外的事情。有智慧人可以为国家制订新的法规，平庸的人只能看:@0.135135:0.217561:0.881125:0.217561:0.881125:0.201477:0.135135:0.201477:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
守现存的局；贤明的人能更改制度，无能的人只能拘泥于现状。”商鞅说的既深刻又:@0.135135:0.242116:0.881095:0.242116:0.881095:0.226031:0.135135:0.226031:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
合实际，说出了成大事者不谋于众的道理。一个厂长都不可能把自己所有的想法和计:@0.135135:0.266671:0.881125:0.266671:0.881125:0.250586:0.135135:0.250586:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
划乃至谋略跟属下讲，不要说一国之君。就是我们自己，你能把你所有的想法跟都跟:@0.135135:0.291225:0.881255:0.291225:0.881255:0.275141:0.135135:0.275141:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
别人讲吗？有句谚语说得好“轻易把自己秘密泄露出去的人，必定受到烙印的惩罚。”:@0.135135:0.315780:0.891092:0.315780:0.891092:0.299696:0.135135:0.299696:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023
政治是复杂的，有些事只能做，不能说，有些事，只能事后说，不能事先说，有些事:@0.135135:0.340335:0.881103:0.340335:0.881103:0.324250:0.135135:0.324250:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020021:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
只能在实施的前一刻说，而不能提前说，哪能事事都民主？事事都民主，就做不了主:@0.135135:0.364890:0.881095:0.364890:0.881095:0.348805:0.135135:0.348805:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
了，也成不了事，一定的！这不是阴谋，也不叫权术，这是艺术、技术，政治艺术，:@0.135135:0.389444:0.881015:0.389444:0.881015:0.373360:0.135135:0.373360:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020023
政治需要的技术、艺术！也是我们讲集中的自然之理，必要之理，当然这“大事”必:@0.135135:0.413999:0.880859:0.413999:0.880859:0.397915:0.135135:0.397915:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020183:0.020023
须是为民之大事，为国之大事，而不是个人之事，个人之事再大也不是“大事”。“成:@0.135135:0.438554:0.881081:0.438554:0.881081:0.422469:0.135135:0.422469:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017894:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.015762:0.020023:0.020023
大事者不谋于众”不是不要民主，而往往恰恰是为了民主。即使像民主国家那样经民:@0.135135:0.463109:0.881331:0.463109:0.881331:0.447024:0.135135:0.447024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
选投票上台的领导人，在具体的施策过程中，还不是靠小圈子、靠几个人来决定国家:@0.135135:0.487664:0.881255:0.487664:0.881255:0.471579:0.135135:0.471579:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
大事，来具体做事。这跟中国的集中领导体制在本质上是一样的。就拿国与国之间的:@0.135135:0.512218:0.881255:0.512218:0.881255:0.496134:0.135135:0.496134:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
谈判来说，如果这个过程完全透明，那么官员将受到来自游说者的多方逼迫，迫使一:@0.135135:0.536773:0.881255:0.536773:0.881255:0.520689:0.135135:0.520689:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
方在某个有争执的领域让步或许意味着必须在其他地方作出权衡妥协。如果事事公开，:@0.135135:0.561328:0.891092:0.561328:0.891092:0.545243:0.135135:0.545243:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015123:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
那么这些妥协就不可能实现，任何一方都不可能受益，怎么民主？:@0.135135:0.585883:0.715789:0.585883:0.715789:0.569798:0.135135:0.569798:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
集权是为了集中，集权可能或者说难免导致独断，但并不必然；而且，独断也不:@0.175676:0.610438:0.881270:0.610438:0.881270:0.594353:0.175676:0.594353:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
同于专断，独断是在听取意见的基础上由最高领导者个人作出的最后决策，专断是不:@0.135135:0.634992:0.881125:0.634992:0.881125:0.618908:0.135135:0.618908:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
听别人的意见，仅凭主观臆断，我们常人也是如此，所谓“意见都去听，主意自己拿”，:@0.135135:0.659547:0.891092:0.659547:0.891092:0.643462:0.135135:0.643462:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015870:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015868:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015870:0.020023:0.015868:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015870:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015868:0.020023
这不仅是一个自然和必然过程，也是必要的。:@0.135135:0.684102:0.535586:0.684102:0.535586:0.668017:0.135135:0.668017:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
西方和美国就没有集权和专权专断吗？西方政府首脑的否决权就是一种集权。最:@0.175676:0.708657:0.880950:0.708657:0.880950:0.692572:0.175676:0.692572:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020023
初的“保民官”就有否决权，如今的保民官为什么就不能有否决权？美国的最高法院:@0.135135:0.733211:0.881173:0.733211:0.881173:0.717127:0.135135:0.717127:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
不就是有否决权吗？各国的最高领导人为什么不行？只不过形式不同而已。难道有法:@0.135135:0.757766:0.881255:0.757766:0.881255:0.741682:0.135135:0.741682:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
官可信领导不可信的道理？美国总统被赋予外交、关税两项事务的专权，这是不是专:@0.135135:0.782321:0.881255:0.782321:0.881255:0.766236:0.135135:0.766236:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
断？对参、众两院通过的议案，总统如认为不妥也可否决，这是不是独裁？（除非获:@0.135135:0.806876:0.881095:0.806876:0.881095:0.790791:0.135135:0.790791:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
得:@0.135135:0.831431:0.155158:0.831431:0.155158:0.815346:0.135135:0.815346:0.020023
2/3:@0.160163:0.832471:0.185752:0.832471:0.185752:0.813750:0.160163:0.813750:0.010011:0.005566:0.010011
以上多数议员认定“总统否决无效”外，该议案自行废止）:@0.190758:0.831431:0.711344:0.831431:0.711344:0.815346:0.190758:0.815346:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
有专家统计，全世界的战争以内战居多，美国最惨烈的战争也是内战，而所有内:@0.175676:0.855985:0.880810:0.855985:0.880810:0.839901:0.175676:0.839901:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
战，必终于一统，也即专政。没有一统，只有继续内战，不论中国外国，都一样。后:@0.135135:0.880540:0.881195:0.880540:0.881195:0.864456:0.135135:0.864456:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020023
人，尤其是有些史家老骂西班牙的佛朗哥独裁，说他是暴君，然而，我观西班牙内战:@0.135135:0.905095:0.881095:0.905095:0.881095:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023