• 145 •:@0.839890:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.839890:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.281656:0.071740:0.294527:0.071740:0.294527:0.055694:0.281656:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第五章 集中民主的理性论证—集中民主的自然性、合理性、必要性和必然性:@0.294527:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.294527:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.346014:0.073066:0.354595:0.073066:0.354595:0.057020:0.346014:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
  :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.000000:0.004291
新航路开辟后，葡萄牙和西班牙这两个最早走上殖民侵略之路的国家，都是实行中央:@0.135135:0.119342:0.881125:0.119342:0.881125:0.103257:0.135135:0.103257:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
集权制的封建国家 。英国、法国、意大利能成为全球列强，是因为他们更早建立了:@0.135135:0.144315:0.881173:0.144315:0.881173:0.128230:0.135135:0.128230:0.020293:0.020303:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020023:0.016687:0.020293:0.020303:0.020023:0.020303:0.020293:0.020023:0.020303:0.020293:0.020293:0.020303:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020023:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020303:0.020293:0.020023
a:@0.302290:0.135319:0.313940:0.135319:0.313940:0.127254:0.302290:0.127254:0.011650
中央集权，还有当初统一德国的普鲁士也不例外。历史上的一些著名改革，如欧洲的“开:@0.135135:0.169288:0.881083:0.169288:0.881083:0.153203:0.135135:0.153203:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011289:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011291:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011289:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011291:0.020023:0.020023
明政治”，奥地利、普鲁士、俄国的改革，无不是以加强中央集权、巩固专制政体为:@0.135135:0.194261:0.880857:0.194261:0.880857:0.178176:0.135135:0.178176:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
手段而取得成功的。为什么亚历山大要袭用东方专制政体？为什么城邦政治普遍为中:@0.135135:0.219234:0.881125:0.219234:0.881125:0.203149:0.135135:0.203149:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
央集权制所代替:@0.135135:0.244206:0.275894:0.244206:0.275894:0.228122:0.135135:0.228122:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020023
b:@0.280929:0.235211:0.292579:0.235211:0.292579:0.227146:0.280929:0.227146:0.011650
？因为只有东方式的专制政体才能有效地组织起全国的力量达致国:@0.297604:0.244206:0.881061:0.244206:0.881061:0.228122:0.297604:0.228122:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020023
家目标。从法老到长老，从家长到族长，从组长到厂长，哪一种组织能没有集中？哪:@0.135135:0.269179:0.880935:0.269179:0.880935:0.253095:0.135135:0.253095:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
一个组织不是最终一个人说了算？有时集中就需要专制、专断、专权，否则办不了事，:@0.135135:0.294152:0.891092:0.294152:0.891092:0.278068:0.135135:0.278068:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
尤其是办不了大事。历史上许多好事、大事都是专断所为，当时虽然遭到绝大多数人:@0.135135:0.319125:0.881255:0.319125:0.881255:0.303041:0.135135:0.303041:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的反对，甚至死了许多人，可历史感谢他们，人民感谢他们，后人感谢他们。美国腾:@0.135135:0.344098:0.880935:0.344098:0.880935:0.328013:0.135135:0.328013:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
飞时代（:@0.135135:0.369071:0.215626:0.369071:0.215626:0.352986:0.135135:0.352986:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023:0.020023
1820:@0.215606:0.370111:0.255651:0.370111:0.255651:0.351391:0.215606:0.351391:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
—:@0.255651:0.369071:0.275673:0.369071:0.275673:0.352986:0.255651:0.352986:0.020023
1960:@0.275673:0.370111:0.315718:0.370111:0.315718:0.351391:0.275673:0.351391:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
）的经验也充分证明，更加自由的秩序是由“独立的个人”领导:@0.315718:0.369071:0.881251:0.369071:0.881251:0.352986:0.315718:0.352986:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020119:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023
力支撑起来的，这一点美国人不能忘记。:@0.135135:0.394044:0.495541:0.394044:0.495541:0.377959:0.135135:0.377959:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
集权的政治有一个巨大的好处：最高领导人的个人利益与国家利益紧密连在一起，:@0.175676:0.419017:0.891093:0.419017:0.891093:0.402932:0.175676:0.402932:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017325:0.017326:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
所以他一时一刻都不会置国家利益于不顾。反观那些所谓自由选举国家，一临近选举，:@0.135135:0.443990:0.891092:0.443990:0.891092:0.427905:0.135135:0.427905:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
首脑们就只考虑行将开始的竞争和斗争，“他不再前进，他不会提出任何新的企划，:@0.135135:0.468963:0.881095:0.468963:0.881095:0.452878:0.135135:0.452878:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
而只会懒洋洋地处理那些也许将由另一个人来结束的工作” 。:@0.135135:0.493935:0.687388:0.493935:0.687388:0.477851:0.135135:0.477851:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011645:0.020023
c:@0.655721:0.484940:0.667371:0.484940:0.667371:0.476875:0.655721:0.476875:0.011650
纵观人类历史，专制的历史比民主的历史长得多，亚洲从有部落起就有强权政治，:@0.135135:0.518908:0.880935:0.518908:0.880935:0.502824:0.135135:0.502824:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020023:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020023:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020803:0.020023:0.020023
200:@0.135135:0.544921:0.165169:0.544921:0.165169:0.526201:0.135135:0.526201:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
多年前，当美国的先驱们进行“伟大的共和试验”的时候，世界上绝大多数国家:@0.170255:0.543881:0.880819:0.543881:0.880819:0.527797:0.170255:0.527797:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020187:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023
也还是君主制，而且历史也表明民主制国家都是短命的，无论是希腊的民主，还是罗:@0.135135:0.568854:0.881255:0.568854:0.881255:0.552770:0.135135:0.552770:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
马的共和。观察社会主义运动，马克思、恩格斯所参与和组织的两个政党，“共产主:@0.135135:0.593827:0.880935:0.593827:0.880935:0.577742:0.135135:0.577742:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
义者同盟”和“国际工人协会”，采取的都是民主制，但这两个组织寿命都不长，不:@0.135135:0.618800:0.880943:0.618800:0.880943:0.602715:0.135135:0.602715:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
久都以解散而告结束，不管有多少原因，但我认为从党内各种思想斗争和派别活动的:@0.135135:0.643773:0.881125:0.643773:0.881125:0.627688:0.135135:0.627688:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
情形来说，不能不说与过于民主有关。苏联采取的是民主集中制，但我认为他在批判:@0.135135:0.668746:0.881255:0.668746:0.881255:0.652661:0.135135:0.652661:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
斯大林的独裁之后，也是太强调民主，甚至想走西方式的民主道路，最终也以苏联解:@0.135135:0.693719:0.881255:0.693719:0.881255:0.677634:0.135135:0.677634:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
体而告结束。当然这不是它的唯一原因，但至少可以说是它的原因之一，不然，它的:@0.135135:0.718692:0.881095:0.718692:0.881095:0.702607:0.135135:0.702607:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
体制内不会有那么多以民主为由而都想当总统的野心家和阴谋家。:@0.135135:0.743665:0.715789:0.743665:0.715789:0.727580:0.135135:0.727580:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
任何政治都有独裁，没有独裁就没有政治。集中在某种程度上是会形成独裁，也:@0.175676:0.768637:0.880810:0.768637:0.880810:0.752553:0.175676:0.752553:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020023
可以说，有时候有些民主就需要独裁来实现。即便在古希腊民主时代，也有所谓独裁。:@0.135135:0.793610:0.891092:0.793610:0.891092:0.777526:0.135135:0.777526:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
普鲁塔克的《伯里克利传》也说：“没有谁像伯里克利那样，能够在严厉时做到适可:@0.135135:0.818583:0.881017:0.818583:0.881017:0.802499:0.135135:0.802499:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
而止，在温和之中不失威严，他那招人嫉妒的权力，曾被称为专制独裁，如今看来，:@0.135135:0.843556:0.880935:0.843556:0.880935:0.827471:0.135135:0.827471:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
a :@0.135135:0.873037:0.163710:0.873037:0.163710:0.863156:0.135135:0.863156:0.014273:0.014302
《世界通史》，第:@0.162162:0.873969:0.276577:0.873969:0.276577:0.862805:0.162162:0.862805:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
153:@0.280152:0.874711:0.301605:0.874711:0.301605:0.861340:0.280152:0.861340:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
页。:@0.305180:0.873969:0.333784:0.873969:0.333784:0.862805:0.305180:0.862805:0.014302:0.014302
b :@0.135135:0.888422:0.163710:0.888422:0.163710:0.878540:0.135135:0.878540:0.014273:0.014302
《世界通史》，第:@0.162162:0.889353:0.276577:0.889353:0.276577:0.878190:0.162162:0.878190:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
79:@0.280152:0.890096:0.294454:0.890096:0.294454:0.876725:0.280152:0.876725:0.007151:0.007151
页、第:@0.298030:0.889353:0.340935:0.889353:0.340935:0.878190:0.298030:0.878190:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
209-210:@0.344510:0.890096:0.392178:0.890096:0.392178:0.876725:0.344510:0.876725:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151:0.004763:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
页。:@0.395754:0.889353:0.424358:0.889353:0.424358:0.878190:0.395754:0.878190:0.014302:0.014302
c :@0.135135:0.903806:0.163710:0.903806:0.163710:0.893925:0.135135:0.893925:0.014273:0.014302
托克维尔《论美国的民主》，第:@0.162162:0.904738:0.362388:0.904738:0.362388:0.893575:0.162162:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
159:@0.365963:0.905481:0.387416:0.905481:0.387416:0.892109:0.365963:0.892109:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
页。:@0.390991:0.904738:0.419595:0.904738:0.419595:0.893575:0.390991:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302