• 6 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.144853:0.946969:0.144853:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
民主”，什么是自由民主，就是自由主义的民主。虽然与民主有同义之嫌（民主本身:@0.118919:0.119342:0.864801:0.119342:0.864801:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
即含有自主、自由之义），但从逻辑上说是成立的，也是与西方人的民主实践和文化:@0.118919:0.143995:0.864957:0.143995:0.864957:0.127911:0.118919:0.127911:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
价值观一致的。问题在于他们认为世上只有这一种民主，其他都不是民主。:@0.118919:0.168649:0.779663:0.168649:0.779663:0.152564:0.118919:0.152564:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
列宁说，“下‘定义’是什么意思呢？首先就是把某一个概念放在另一个更广泛:@0.159460:0.193302:0.864972:0.193302:0.864972:0.177217:0.159460:0.177217:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的概念里。 ”“自由民主”就是把它的定义放在“民主”这个外延较大的概念里产生的。:@0.118919:0.217955:0.874876:0.217955:0.874876:0.201871:0.118919:0.201871:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.005550:0.007835:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013928:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013928:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013928:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
a:@0.212937:0.208959:0.224587:0.208959:0.224587:0.200894:0.212937:0.200894:0.011650
伏尔泰说：“定义绝非很自由的，必须‘通过固有的类和最邻近的差异’来下定义。”:@0.118919:0.242608:0.874876:0.242608:0.874876:0.226524:0.118919:0.226524:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019614:0.018799:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023
（伏尔泰《哲学通信·第二十五封信注》）“集中民主”这个概念完全符合这两位哲:@0.118919:0.267262:0.864723:0.267262:0.864723:0.251177:0.118919:0.251177:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
学大师所说的定义的规定性。“集中民主”这个概念也是在“民主”这个大概念里产:@0.118919:0.291915:0.864879:0.291915:0.864879:0.275830:0.118919:0.275830:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
生的，它的限定词是“集中”，是相对于“自由民主”而言的，所以不论在语法上还:@0.118919:0.316568:0.864887:0.316568:0.864887:0.300484:0.118919:0.300484:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020107:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020191:0.020023:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020109:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
是在逻辑上都是完全成立的。更重要的是，它是在与西方自由民主的比较中形成的，:@0.118919:0.341222:0.865039:0.341222:0.865039:0.325137:0.118919:0.325137:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
是从中国的民主实践中概括出来的，是民主发展的结果，也是时代发展的结果。:@0.118919:0.365875:0.819708:0.365875:0.819708:0.349790:0.118919:0.349790:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
黑格尔认为概念应分为两种：一种是“抽象概念”，又叫“形式概念”；另一种是“具:@0.159460:0.390528:0.864866:0.390528:0.864866:0.374444:0.159460:0.374444:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016557:0.016557:0.020023:0.020023:0.013093:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013091:0.013091:0.020023:0.013091:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.009627:0.016557:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013091:0.020023:0.020023
体概念”或叫“理性概念”。黑格尔所说的“抽象概念”就是：只是凭思想的分析作:@0.118919:0.415182:0.864649:0.415182:0.864649:0.399097:0.118919:0.399097:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
用或抽象作用，丢掉了具体事物所具有的多样性，而只举出一些特性；或者抹杀了这:@0.118919:0.439835:0.865039:0.439835:0.865039:0.423750:0.118919:0.423750:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
些特性的不同之处，而将多种特性概括为一种特性。因此，这种概念只能反映事物的:@0.118919:0.464488:0.865039:0.464488:0.865039:0.448403:0.118919:0.448403:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
普遍抽象统一性，而排斥事物的差异性和多样性，并且不包含矛盾。西方的或者说美:@0.118919:0.489141:0.865039:0.489141:0.865039:0.473057:0.118919:0.473057:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
国式的“自由民主”就是这样的一种概念。它抹杀了民主的内在矛盾和差异性，抛弃:@0.118919:0.513795:0.864957:0.513795:0.864957:0.497710:0.118919:0.497710:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
了民主的实质内容，而将民主的多样性和多种特性限制为只有三权分立、一人一票这:@0.118919:0.538448:0.864909:0.538448:0.864909:0.522363:0.118919:0.522363:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
些形式特征的民主，凡是不符合他们这个模式的就都不是民主。这就是黑格尔所说的:@0.118919:0.563101:0.864909:0.563101:0.864909:0.547017:0.118919:0.547017:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
是一个抽象的、偏狭的、空洞的“抽象概念”。黑格尔认为：“事实上无论在天上或:@0.118919:0.587755:0.865065:0.587755:0.865065:0.571670:0.118919:0.571670:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020109:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
地上，无论是精神界或自然界，绝没有像知性所固执的那种‘非此即彼’的抽象事物。:@0.118919:0.612408:0.874876:0.612408:0.874876:0.596323:0.118919:0.596323:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018799:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
无论什么说得上存在的东西，必定是具体的，包含有区别和对立于其自身。 ”因此，:@0.118919:0.637061:0.864865:0.637061:0.864865:0.620977:0.118919:0.620977:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.010011:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
b:@0.774764:0.628065:0.786414:0.628065:0.786414:0.620000:0.774764:0.620000:0.011650
黑格尔说，概念“是彻底具体的东西”，这样的概念是一种多样性有机联系的整体，:@0.118919:0.661714:0.864801:0.661714:0.864801:0.645630:0.118919:0.645630:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
各种不同规定性的统一。黑格尔所提出的“抽象概念”和“具体概念”正反映着概念:@0.118919:0.686368:0.864879:0.686368:0.864879:0.670283:0.118919:0.670283:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
作为人的认识的不断深化过程。从马克思到列宁，对他所提出的“具体概念”都是极:@0.118919:0.711021:0.864957:0.711021:0.864957:0.694936:0.118919:0.694936:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
其赞许的。事实上，概念之反映事物的本质，总是要经过从具体到抽象、又从抽象到:@0.118919:0.735674:0.864879:0.735674:0.864879:0.719590:0.118919:0.719590:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
具体，从不甚深刻到较为深刻的过程。随着社会的不断发展，尤其是实践的深入发展，:@0.118919:0.760328:0.874876:0.760328:0.874876:0.744243:0.118919:0.744243:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
人的思想内容的丰富和概括能力的不断提高，才逐渐形成了现代人的较高级的概念。:@0.118919:0.784981:0.864909:0.784981:0.864909:0.768896:0.118919:0.768896:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020023
“民主”这一概念正经历了这样一个过程。:@0.118919:0.809634:0.499347:0.809634:0.499347:0.793550:0.118919:0.793550:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
西方的“自由民主”是一个排斥具体多样性的、空洞的、偏狭的、并且不包含矛:@0.159460:0.834288:0.864976:0.834288:0.864976:0.818203:0.159460:0.818203:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
盾的抽象概念，而集中民主则是一个包含着对立统一的、反映事物多样性的“具体概:@0.118919:0.858941:0.865039:0.858941:0.865039:0.842856:0.118919:0.842856:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
a :@0.118919:0.888422:0.147494:0.888422:0.147494:0.878540:0.118919:0.878540:0.014273:0.014302
《列宁选集》第:@0.145946:0.889353:0.246059:0.889353:0.246059:0.878190:0.145946:0.878190:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
2:@0.249634:0.890096:0.256785:0.890096:0.256785:0.876725:0.249634:0.876725:0.007151
卷，第:@0.260361:0.889353:0.303266:0.889353:0.303266:0.878190:0.260361:0.878190:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
146:@0.306841:0.890096:0.328294:0.890096:0.328294:0.876725:0.306841:0.876725:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
页。:@0.331870:0.889353:0.360473:0.889353:0.360473:0.878190:0.331870:0.878190:0.014302:0.014302
b :@0.118919:0.903806:0.147494:0.903806:0.147494:0.893925:0.118919:0.893925:0.014273:0.014302
《小逻辑》，三联书店版，第:@0.145946:0.904738:0.331870:0.904738:0.331870:0.893575:0.145946:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
266-267:@0.335445:0.905481:0.383113:0.905481:0.383113:0.892109:0.335445:0.892109:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151:0.004763:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
页。:@0.386688:0.904738:0.415292:0.904738:0.415292:0.893575:0.386688:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302