• 161 •:@0.839890:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.839890:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.470440:0.071740:0.483311:0.071740:0.483311:0.055694:0.470440:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第六章 中国的集中民主与西方自由民主的实证对比:@0.483311:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.483311:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.534798:0.073066:0.543379:0.073066:0.543379:0.057020:0.534798:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
 :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.004291
现却经常被人忽视。请注意，斯密的这个说法是有既定前提的：一是人性皆善，二是:@0.135135:0.119342:0.881095:0.119342:0.881095:0.103257:0.135135:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
市场良性运行。而现实是：人性有善也有恶，市场有利益也有风险，人会自利也会损人。:@0.135135:0.143897:0.891092:0.143897:0.891092:0.127812:0.135135:0.127812:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016909:0.016907:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
所以，西方的自由市场理论并不是放之四海线而皆准的真理。:@0.135135:0.168451:0.675744:0.168451:0.675744:0.152367:0.135135:0.152367:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
20:@0.675744:0.169492:0.695766:0.169492:0.695766:0.150771:0.675744:0.150771:0.010011:0.010011
世纪初，自由放任式:@0.700852:0.168451:0.881055:0.168451:0.881055:0.152367:0.700852:0.152367:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
的资本主义，诞生了垄断式的资本主义，结果为了争市场，抢地盘，导致了第一次世:@0.135135:0.193006:0.881095:0.193006:0.881095:0.176922:0.135135:0.176922:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
界大战。:@0.135135:0.217561:0.215225:0.217561:0.215225:0.201477:0.135135:0.201477:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
“看不见的手”这个说法在亚当·斯密的《国富论》中只被使用过一次，而且他:@0.175676:0.242116:0.881264:0.242116:0.881264:0.226031:0.175676:0.226031:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
所指的意思可能与我们现在大多数人认为的意思不一样。这个我们先不说，现在这个:@0.135135:0.266671:0.881125:0.266671:0.881125:0.250586:0.135135:0.250586:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
说法几乎就是这样的意思：市场经济是可以信任的，在没有政府的干预下，它能把所:@0.135135:0.291225:0.881255:0.291225:0.881255:0.275141:0.135135:0.275141:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
有事情或是说几乎所有事情都搞正确。这一信念在理论上和证据上是不是靠谱？我认:@0.135135:0.315780:0.881125:0.315780:0.881125:0.299696:0.135135:0.299696:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
为很不靠谱。一方面，我们没有数学模型证明，一个不受管理的自由市场经济可以产:@0.135135:0.340335:0.881255:0.340335:0.881255:0.324250:0.135135:0.324250:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
生高效的“总体平衡”；第二，这个理论的一些假设条件，包括人们是“理性的决策者，:@0.135135:0.364890:0.891092:0.364890:0.891092:0.348805:0.135135:0.348805:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015870:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.017946:0.020023:0.020023:0.015868:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015870:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015868:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
他们有他们所需要的价格及产品信息”等，在现实中显然不成立。自由主义者认为自:@0.135135:0.389444:0.881331:0.389444:0.881331:0.373360:0.135135:0.373360:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
由主义政策所产生的经济增长既能给人们带来未来的希望，又能为慷慨的社会服务买:@0.135135:0.413999:0.880875:0.413999:0.880875:0.397915:0.135135:0.397915:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
单，管理经济和国家者只需从技术上进行调整，在这里加税或在那里减税，大多数情:@0.135135:0.438554:0.881255:0.438554:0.881255:0.422469:0.135135:0.422469:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
况下都是让市场发挥其神奇的魔力，即能使我们变得越来越富裕。然而，我们看到，:@0.135135:0.463109:0.881095:0.463109:0.881095:0.447024:0.135135:0.447024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
在一个又一个国家，自由主义体制奉行的政策虽然带来了总体增长，但仅有少数人从:@0.135135:0.487664:0.881125:0.487664:0.881125:0.471579:0.135135:0.471579:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
中获益，这些少数人肯定包括每个国家的政治和经济精英。在其他地方，人们都是在:@0.135135:0.512218:0.881255:0.512218:0.881255:0.496134:0.135135:0.496134:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
勉强维持生计或者被远远甩在后面。在美国，自杀和吸毒变得如此普遍，以至于过去:@0.135135:0.536773:0.881255:0.536773:0.881255:0.520689:0.135135:0.520689:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
三年，平均寿命都出现了下降。在意大利，生活成本超过了收入水平，年轻人没有钱:@0.135135:0.561328:0.881095:0.561328:0.881095:0.545243:0.135135:0.545243:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
搬离父母家、结婚以及组建新的家庭。在法国，汽油税适度增加的可能引发了抗议浪:@0.135135:0.585883:0.881255:0.585883:0.881255:0.569798:0.135135:0.569798:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
潮。世界的不确定性、经济发展和市场运行的自身规律，以及现实情况都证明自由市:@0.135135:0.610438:0.881255:0.610438:0.881255:0.594353:0.135135:0.594353:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
场除了繁荣:@0.135135:0.634992:0.235809:0.634992:0.235809:0.618908:0.135135:0.618908:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
—:@0.236124:0.634992:0.276170:0.634992:0.276170:0.618908:0.236124:0.618908:0.040045
萧条:@0.276316:0.634992:0.316501:0.634992:0.316501:0.618908:0.276316:0.618908:0.020163:0.020023
—:@0.316799:0.634992:0.356844:0.634992:0.356844:0.618908:0.316799:0.618908:0.040045
危机的周期外，不存在任何固有逻辑来引导或抑制经济的健:@0.356990:0.634992:0.880940:0.634992:0.880940:0.618908:0.356990:0.618908:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
康发展。:@0.135135:0.659547:0.215225:0.659547:0.215225:0.643462:0.135135:0.643462:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
在过去信息不畅、通信不发达的情况下，市场是一只看不见的手，现在可不是，:@0.175676:0.684102:0.881270:0.684102:0.881270:0.668017:0.175676:0.668017:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
现在信息通畅、网络发达，交通便利，各种调查、统计、分析、预测工具和组织很多，:@0.135135:0.708657:0.891092:0.708657:0.891092:0.692572:0.135135:0.692572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019208:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
人们的市场 经验越来越丰富，市场不仅看得见，而且还可预见。虽然不一定看得全面，:@0.135135:0.733211:0.891092:0.733211:0.891092:0.717127:0.135135:0.717127:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.005006:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016721:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016721:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016721:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
 :@0.235248:0.734251:0.240254:0.734251:0.240254:0.715531:0.235248:0.715531:0.005006
但绝非昔日完全看不见相比。正因为如此，竞争加剧，市场往往会陷入无序，所以，:@0.135135:0.757766:0.880935:0.757766:0.880935:0.741682:0.135135:0.741682:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
在发挥市场的决定作用的同时，必须加强政府的宏观调控，为的是人类更加有序和理:@0.135135:0.782321:0.881125:0.782321:0.881125:0.766236:0.135135:0.766236:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
性发展，避免负面作用扩大，比如:@0.135135:0.806876:0.441720:0.806876:0.441720:0.790791:0.135135:0.790791:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023
2008:@0.446766:0.807916:0.486811:0.807916:0.486811:0.789196:0.446766:0.789196:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年中国的应对金融危机，如果按照美国的市:@0.491937:0.806876:0.881215:0.806876:0.881215:0.790791:0.491937:0.790791:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023
场逻辑和金科玉律，中国政府不加干预，没有四万亿的投入，中国金融会是什么局面？:@0.135135:0.831431:0.881081:0.831431:0.881081:0.815346:0.135135:0.815346:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015051:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
亚洲和世界的市场会是什么样子？:@0.135135:0.855985:0.435473:0.855985:0.435473:0.839901:0.135135:0.839901:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我们认为自由、民主、市场都是好东西，可以为资本主义服务和所用，也可以为:@0.175676:0.880540:0.881272:0.880540:0.881272:0.864456:0.175676:0.864456:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
社会主义服务和所用。我个人同时认为，自由与民主虽是繁荣的充分条件，但不是必:@0.135135:0.905095:0.881255:0.905095:0.881255:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023