• 184 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.160108:0.946969:0.160108:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
就是大企业（他具体列出了美国三百家最大的公司），正是资本主义企业这个首脑操:@0.118919:0.119342:0.865115:0.119342:0.865115:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020020:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
纵着美国国家利益和决定权。:@0.118919:0.143897:0.379212:0.143897:0.379212:0.127812:0.118919:0.127812:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美式民主编造了一个所谓“多数人统治”的神话，称一人一票的民主就是多数决，:@0.159460:0.168451:0.874877:0.168451:0.874877:0.152367:0.159460:0.152367:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
按照多数人的意志治理国家。其实，美式民主既非“人民的统治”，也非“多数人统治”。:@0.118919:0.193006:0.874876:0.193006:0.874876:0.176922:0.118919:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013601:0.020023:0.020023:0.013603:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013601:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013601:0.013603:0.020023:0.013601:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013601:0.020023
美国各项选举投票率普遍不高。由于美国实行选举人团制度，获得多数选民支持的候:@0.118919:0.217561:0.864909:0.217561:0.864909:0.201477:0.118919:0.201477:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
选人未必当选总统。:@0.118919:0.242116:0.299122:0.242116:0.299122:0.226031:0.118919:0.226031:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
21:@0.299122:0.243156:0.319144:0.243156:0.319144:0.224436:0.299122:0.224436:0.010011:0.010011
世纪以来，已经有两届美国总统是由获得普选票较少的获选人:@0.324170:0.242116:0.864779:0.242116:0.864779:0.226031:0.324170:0.226031:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
当选。在美国政治体系中同众议院分享立法权的参议院，其组成方式是无论人口多少，:@0.118919:0.266671:0.874876:0.266671:0.874876:0.250586:0.118919:0.250586:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
每州均选出 名参议员。这样，在罗得岛州，只要:@0.118919:0.291225:0.555588:0.291225:0.555588:0.275141:0.118919:0.275141:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019462:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018933:0.020023:0.020023:0.018935:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018933:0.020023:0.020023
2:@0.223757:0.292265:0.233768:0.292265:0.233768:0.273545:0.223757:0.273545:0.010011
50:@0.560316:0.292265:0.580338:0.292265:0.580338:0.273545:0.560316:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011
多万人就可以选出 名参议员，:@0.585064:0.291225:0.864819:0.291225:0.864819:0.275141:0.585064:0.275141:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019462:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
1:@0.749969:0.292265:0.759981:0.292265:0.759981:0.273545:0.749969:0.273545:0.010011
而在加利福尼亚州，却要近:@0.118919:0.315780:0.352204:0.315780:0.352204:0.299696:0.118919:0.299696:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2000:@0.355465:0.316820:0.395510:0.316820:0.395510:0.298100:0.355465:0.298100:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
万人才能选出 名参议员。这是严重的“票票不等值”。:@0.398774:0.315780:0.874894:0.315780:0.874894:0.299696:0.398774:0.299696:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016539:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013035:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013037:0.020023
1:@0.522173:0.316820:0.532184:0.316820:0.532184:0.298100:0.522173:0.298100:0.010011
说到底，美国选举制度无法充分实现美国民众的政治权利，选举只是少数人操控政治:@0.118919:0.340335:0.864909:0.340335:0.864909:0.324250:0.118919:0.324250:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
的工具。美国的选举乱象表明，选民的选择看上去难以兼容，由于自由民主制度，美:@0.118919:0.364890:0.864879:0.364890:0.864879:0.348805:0.118919:0.348805:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
国人的个人处境、利益诉求、理念取向等种种不同，都会导致选民做出不同的政治选择，:@0.118919:0.389444:0.874876:0.389444:0.874876:0.373360:0.118919:0.373360:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美国民意的最大公约数已不复存在。:@0.118919:0.413999:0.439280:0.413999:0.439280:0.397915:0.118919:0.397915:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我们再看西方民主国家两院议员的产生。资本主义国家议员的产生绝不是像我们:@0.159460:0.438554:0.864874:0.438554:0.864874:0.422469:0.159460:0.422469:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
人民代表的产生那样是真正的民主选举，他们是有严格的资格限制的。我们先看上院，:@0.118919:0.463109:0.874876:0.463109:0.874876:0.447024:0.118919:0.447024:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美国、法国、日本等称参议院，英国称上院。上议院议员的资格有更多的限制，其中:@0.118919:0.487664:0.864719:0.487664:0.864719:0.471579:0.118919:0.471579:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
有的由国家元首指定，有的是世袭贵族，有的按特定资格担任终身制，有的往往有特:@0.118919:0.512218:0.865039:0.512218:0.865039:0.496134:0.118919:0.496134:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
别规定的身份限制，且一般任期较长，只有一部分是按规定轮番改选一部分。而对下:@0.118919:0.536773:0.865039:0.536773:0.865039:0.520689:0.118919:0.520689:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
院议员的产生，虽然一般有直接选举 产生，但有的国家就设有居住年限、教育程度和:@0.118919:0.561328:0.864859:0.561328:0.864859:0.545243:0.118919:0.545243:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.005106:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
 :@0.439280:0.562368:0.444285:0.562368:0.444285:0.543648:0.439280:0.543648:0.005006
财产等条件限制。:@0.118919:0.585883:0.279099:0.585883:0.279099:0.569798:0.118919:0.569798:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美国的总统选举是通过选举人团选出来的，而不是全民公投直接选出来的，这就:@0.159460:0.610438:0.864733:0.610438:0.864733:0.594353:0.159460:0.594353:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
造成像特朗普这样的政治素人虽然输掉了全民公投，却因为选举人票多而当选总统，:@0.118919:0.634992:0.864909:0.634992:0.864909:0.618908:0.118919:0.618908:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020023
这本身就违背了民主精神。就这一点来说，美国连程序民主也没有完全做到，更不要:@0.118919:0.659547:0.865039:0.659547:0.865039:0.643462:0.118919:0.643462:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
说实质民主。:@0.118919:0.684102:0.239054:0.684102:0.239054:0.668017:0.118919:0.668017:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美国的选举是一人一票与金钱相结合，中国的选举是从下到上的领导与群众相结:@0.159460:0.708657:0.864874:0.708657:0.864874:0.692572:0.159460:0.692572:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
合、选拔与选举相结合，这就是集中与民主相结合，这就是集中民主在组织路线和干:@0.118919:0.733211:0.865039:0.733211:0.865039:0.717127:0.118919:0.717127:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
部选举与选拔上的具体体现。从选拔的角度讲，在中国，政府选择领导人的时候是基:@0.118919:0.757766:0.865039:0.757766:0.865039:0.741682:0.118919:0.741682:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
于候选人的价值和能力，而不是说这个候选人是否受民众欢迎，这是两国之间的巨大:@0.118919:0.782321:0.864909:0.782321:0.864909:0.766236:0.118919:0.766236:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
差别。人无头不走，鸟无头不飞。中国的经济之所以取得巨大进步，固然是靠全体中:@0.118919:0.806876:0.864879:0.806876:0.864879:0.790791:0.118919:0.790791:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
国人民干出来的，但是作为组织起亿万劳动大军的中共的干部制度，在激发各地的竞:@0.118919:0.831431:0.864909:0.831431:0.864909:0.815346:0.118919:0.815346:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
争性上，发挥了不可替代的作用。由于是选拔，上一级的意见对下一级就至关重要，:@0.118919:0.855985:0.864879:0.855985:0.864879:0.839901:0.118919:0.839901:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
下一级自然要听命于上一级，对上一级负责，所以由此带来的执行力就强。而反观西方，:@0.118919:0.880540:0.874876:0.880540:0.874876:0.864456:0.118919:0.864456:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
他们之所以效率低下、执行力差，就因为他们的命运不决定于上一级，而决定于选民，:@0.118919:0.905095:0.874876:0.905095:0.874876:0.889010:0.118919:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023