• 188 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.160108:0.946969:0.160108:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
票表决出任联邦最高法院大法官。投票结果显示 ，共和党参议员中除一人弃权、一个:@0.118919:0.119342:0.864859:0.119342:0.864859:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.005106:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
 :@0.539392:0.120382:0.544398:0.120382:0.544398:0.101662:0.539392:0.101662:0.005006
缺席外全部投赞成票，而民主党参议员中除一人外全部投反对票，可谓完全以党派划:@0.118919:0.143897:0.864909:0.143897:0.864909:0.127812:0.118919:0.127812:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
分立场。这类政党极化现象在美国日益显著，政府预算、医疗改革、移民政策等等事:@0.118919:0.168451:0.864879:0.168451:0.864879:0.152367:0.118919:0.152367:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
务常因民主党和共和党之间的分歧而久拖不决。弗朗西斯·福山就说，美国的民主政:@0.118919:0.193006:0.865039:0.193006:0.865039:0.176922:0.118919:0.176922:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
治已经变成了否决政治，整个体制其实完全受制于否决权。:@0.118919:0.217561:0.639505:0.217561:0.639505:0.201477:0.118919:0.201477:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
在新的政治和社会发展阶段，现代的美国体制渐露疲态。两党竞争、三权分立已:@0.159460:0.242116:0.864593:0.242116:0.864593:0.226031:0.159460:0.226031:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
经演变为两党对抗、三权对立、互相否决、相互掣肘。美国历史上共有:@0.118919:0.266671:0.744303:0.266671:0.744303:0.250586:0.118919:0.250586:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
168:@0.749168:0.267711:0.779202:0.267711:0.779202:0.248990:0.749168:0.248990:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
次总统人:@0.784248:0.266671:0.864879:0.266671:0.864879:0.250586:0.784248:0.250586:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
事任命被“阻挠”，其中奥巴马时期的人事任命被阻挠:@0.118919:0.291225:0.603154:0.291225:0.603154:0.275141:0.118919:0.275141:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020113:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
82:@0.608190:0.292265:0.628212:0.292265:0.628212:0.273545:0.608190:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011
次，而之前:@0.633258:0.291225:0.733911:0.291225:0.733911:0.275141:0.633258:0.275141:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
43:@0.738957:0.292265:0.758980:0.292265:0.758980:0.273545:0.738957:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011
位总统的人:@0.764025:0.291225:0.864859:0.291225:0.864859:0.275141:0.764025:0.275141:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
事任命总共才被阻挠:@0.118919:0.315780:0.303126:0.315780:0.303126:0.299696:0.118919:0.299696:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020023
86:@0.308212:0.316820:0.328235:0.316820:0.328235:0.298100:0.308212:0.298100:0.010011:0.010011
次。特朗普上台后，美国政治制度的弊病更加公开化，自我:@0.333360:0.315780:0.864959:0.315780:0.864959:0.299696:0.333360:0.299696:0.020023:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020023:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020523:0.020023:0.020523:0.020523:0.020023
堕落式政治行为让各界大跌眼镜。:@0.118919:0.340335:0.419257:0.340335:0.419257:0.324250:0.118919:0.324250:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2008:@0.419257:0.341375:0.459302:0.341375:0.459302:0.322655:0.419257:0.322655:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年，西方发生大规模的金融危机，之后大部分:@0.464348:0.340335:0.864799:0.340335:0.864799:0.324250:0.464348:0.324250:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
西方经济体一蹶不振，陷入艰难的长期结构调整。而“互相否决”的政党制度，也使:@0.118919:0.364890:0.864799:0.364890:0.864799:0.348805:0.118919:0.348805:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
得西方国家很难形成有效的国家政策。新世纪以来，美国政府的任何改革都没有阻遏:@0.118919:0.389444:0.864909:0.389444:0.864909:0.373360:0.118919:0.373360:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
或缓解美国社会长期存在三大问题，即贫富差距、种族矛盾和政治极化，且有增无减，:@0.118919:0.413999:0.874876:0.413999:0.874876:0.397915:0.118919:0.397915:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
这极大加深了普通民众对政府、国会等既成体制内、作为既得利益者的政客（即建制:@0.118919:0.438554:0.865039:0.438554:0.865039:0.422469:0.118919:0.422469:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
派）的失望和不信任。民粹主义和愤怒政治的兴起、社会网络的“回音壁”效应、“另:@0.118919:0.463109:0.864865:0.463109:0.864865:0.447024:0.118919:0.447024:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017894:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017892:0.020023:0.020023:0.015762:0.020023:0.020023
类事实”的繁殖传播、身份政治和所谓“文化战争”，则既从中汲取养料，又对这些:@0.118919:0.487664:0.864723:0.487664:0.864723:0.471579:0.118919:0.471579:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
趋势推波助澜，美国社会分裂不断加深，削弱体制的权威性，压缩妥协和共识空间。:@0.118919:0.512218:0.859753:0.512218:0.859753:0.496134:0.118919:0.496134:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
在美国或西方式的议会里，充满党争和议员辩论，很多议员有时为了取宠选民，:@0.159460:0.536773:0.864593:0.536773:0.864593:0.520689:0.159460:0.520689:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020023
大打出手，哗众取宠，都是为了个人的政治利益。有时甚至连本党利益都不顾。人是:@0.118919:0.561328:0.864879:0.561328:0.864879:0.545243:0.118919:0.545243:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
情绪动物，在国会、竞选等政治场合争吵、相互攻击，甚至大打出手，只会有助于滋:@0.118919:0.585883:0.864721:0.585883:0.864721:0.569798:0.118919:0.569798:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
生有组织的派系分立。美国两党之间的鸿沟已不再主要关乎意识形态，而越来越具有:@0.118919:0.610438:0.864909:0.610438:0.864909:0.594353:0.118919:0.594353:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
生物性，它不容许任何妥协。美国内的政治评论人士称，其实美国的体制在政党的互:@0.118919:0.634992:0.865039:0.634992:0.865039:0.618908:0.118919:0.618908:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
相刻薄的抨击中正趋于解体，在现在的氛围下，呼吁国家团结听起来会很怪异，给人:@0.118919:0.659547:0.865039:0.659547:0.865039:0.643462:0.118919:0.643462:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的印象是堂吉诃德般的不切实际。米歇尔·奥巴马在身为第一夫人期间常说：“当他:@0.118919:0.684102:0.864879:0.684102:0.864879:0.668017:0.118919:0.668017:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
们卑鄙时，我们会寻求高尚。”后奥巴马时代的民主党人正在学习“以卑鄙对卑鄙”。:@0.118919:0.708657:0.874876:0.708657:0.874876:0.692572:0.118919:0.692572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023
其逻辑是赢家通吃。这毒液已毒害了行政和立法这两大政府分支，现在正在侵害司法:@0.118919:0.733211:0.864909:0.733211:0.864909:0.717127:0.118919:0.717127:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
分支:@0.118919:0.757766:0.159114:0.757766:0.159114:0.741682:0.118919:0.741682:0.020173:0.020023
—:@0.159415:0.757766:0.199460:0.757766:0.199460:0.741682:0.159415:0.741682:0.040045
这是第三个，也应该是最不受政治影响的分支。两党相互制衡的机制也并没:@0.199611:0.757766:0.864900:0.757766:0.864900:0.741682:0.199611:0.741682:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
有解决民主政治恶化的问题。至少在现阶段，支持特朗普的顽固的保守派和民主党之:@0.118919:0.782321:0.864909:0.782321:0.864909:0.766236:0.118919:0.766236:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
间的对立变得更加尖锐，美国政治的混乱还会持续一段时间。:@0.118919:0.806876:0.659528:0.806876:0.659528:0.790791:0.118919:0.790791:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
任何组织和权力机构存在久了，必然要谋求自己的势力范围，也必然为既得利益:@0.159460:0.831431:0.864733:0.831431:0.864733:0.815346:0.159460:0.815346:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
而争斗。三权分立，导致相互掣肘，决策迟缓，甚至政府关门，严重影响了国计民生。:@0.118919:0.855985:0.874876:0.855985:0.874876:0.839901:0.118919:0.839901:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
两党轮替、频繁竞选，使得美国等西方国家在很多地方政策不稳定，朝令夕改，后任:@0.118919:0.880540:0.864879:0.880540:0.864879:0.864456:0.118919:0.864456:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
可以完全推翻前任的政策甚至签订的国际协定，大大损害了国家形象。现代社会节奏:@0.118919:0.905095:0.864909:0.905095:0.864909:0.889010:0.118919:0.889010:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023