• 190 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.160108:0.946969:0.160108:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
缔结了各族人民团结的纽带。地方长官的积极性来自哪里？一来自自己的雄心，二来:@0.118919:0.119342:0.865039:0.119342:0.865039:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
自中央的提拔制度，三来自服务公众的热情和信仰。他们要想得到提拔和赏识，必须:@0.118919:0.143897:0.865039:0.143897:0.865039:0.127812:0.118919:0.127812:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
做出政绩，必须得到当地民众的拥护。另外，在一个单位和组织中，书记与行政首长:@0.118919:0.168451:0.864879:0.168451:0.864879:0.152367:0.118919:0.152367:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的并存配置也是一种中国特色的制约与制衡。:@0.118919:0.193006:0.519370:0.193006:0.519370:0.176922:0.118919:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
西方的分权学说，主要是指“主权”分享，即联邦成员与联邦国家之间分享权力:@0.159460:0.217561:0.865020:0.217561:0.865020:0.201477:0.159460:0.201477:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020099:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020183:0.020173:0.020183:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023
的理论，“分立”是指行政、立法、司法分立，指的是这三种权力不能由同一个人或:@0.118919:0.242116:0.864642:0.242116:0.864642:0.226031:0.118919:0.226031:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
同一个机关行使。分权是历来都存在的，问题在于分权的大小和性质，比如在君主制度、:@0.118919:0.266671:0.874876:0.266671:0.874876:0.250586:0.118919:0.250586:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
贵族制度和民主制度下都有一定的分权，但其性质大小完全不同。自治也一样。在中:@0.118919:0.291225:0.865039:0.291225:0.865039:0.275141:0.118919:0.275141:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
国这样一个有着大一统传统和基础的国家和在美欧等一些联邦制国家，其分权和自治:@0.118919:0.315780:0.864659:0.315780:0.864659:0.299696:0.118919:0.299696:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
怎么可能一样呢？三权制衡成了三权相斗，内耗不已，以至演变为夺权斗争，造成国:@0.118919:0.340335:0.864881:0.340335:0.864881:0.324250:0.118919:0.324250:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
家分裂，社会撕裂，在民主国家屡见不鲜，历史上也有导致内战的，如英国的国会军:@0.118919:0.364890:0.864879:0.364890:0.864879:0.348805:0.118919:0.348805:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
与国王军等。现代也有发生全国性骚乱的，两派互打互斗造成全国动荡的。西班牙政:@0.118919:0.389444:0.865039:0.389444:0.865039:0.373360:0.118919:0.373360:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
坛近十年来碎片化倾向日益严重，西班牙现任首相桑切斯两次组阁失败，成为多党制:@0.118919:0.413999:0.864909:0.413999:0.864909:0.397915:0.118919:0.397915:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
的负面样本。:@0.118919:0.438554:0.239054:0.438554:0.239054:0.422469:0.118919:0.422469:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
资产阶级思想家的分权学说，认为国家的主要权力要相互独立，并由不同部门分:@0.159460:0.463109:0.864733:0.463109:0.864733:0.447024:0.159460:0.447024:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
别执掌和相互牵制，才能保障自由、平等和私有财产，是防止专制压迫的最好办法。:@0.118919:0.487664:0.864879:0.487664:0.864879:0.471579:0.118919:0.471579:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
但也不是所有资产阶级思想家都赞同分权学说的，卢梭最早论述了国家主权属于人民:@0.118919:0.512218:0.864659:0.512218:0.864659:0.496134:0.118919:0.496134:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
的思想，国家主权是绝对的、至高无上的、是不可分割的，反对三权分立。马克思主:@0.118919:0.536773:0.864719:0.536773:0.864719:0.520689:0.118919:0.520689:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
义认为，国家权力是统一的，不可分割的，分权学说掩盖了国家权力的阶级实质。当然，:@0.118919:0.561328:0.874876:0.561328:0.874876:0.545243:0.118919:0.545243:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013794:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
分权学说强调以权力制约权力，对于防止专制统治和政治腐败是有一定积极意义的。:@0.118919:0.585883:0.864909:0.585883:0.864909:0.569798:0.118919:0.569798:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020023
今天的美国以金融寡头为阶级基础的政治体系，三权分立，已经不是相互制约，而是:@0.118919:0.610438:0.865039:0.610438:0.865039:0.594353:0.118919:0.594353:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
相互垄断，相对于资本主义上升时期资产阶级的文明创造来说，其实已是一种历史的:@0.118919:0.634992:0.864909:0.634992:0.864909:0.618908:0.118919:0.618908:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
反动了。:@0.118919:0.659547:0.199009:0.659547:0.199009:0.643462:0.118919:0.643462:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
卡·马克思和弗·恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》一书中说：“统治阶级的思想在:@0.159460:0.684102:0.864815:0.684102:0.864815:0.668017:0.159460:0.668017:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
每一时代都是占统治地位的思想。……例如，在某一国家的某个时期，王权、贵族和:@0.118919:0.708657:0.864719:0.708657:0.864719:0.692572:0.118919:0.692572:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
资产阶级为夺取统治而斗争，因而，在那里统治是分享的，那里占统治地位的思想就:@0.118919:0.733211:0.865039:0.733211:0.865039:0.717127:0.118919:0.717127:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
会是关于分权的学说，于是分权就被宣布为‘永恒的规律’”。在这种所谓平权、分:@0.118919:0.757766:0.864642:0.757766:0.864642:0.741682:0.118919:0.741682:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
权的名义下，各权力集团躲在背后，各方势力都在寻租，必然导致冲突。所以马克思:@0.118919:0.782321:0.864879:0.782321:0.864879:0.766236:0.118919:0.766236:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
斥孟德斯鸠 德鲁姆的分权学说为“腐朽透顶”“陈词滥调”和“早就被揭穿的假象”（马:@0.118919:0.806876:0.864863:0.806876:0.864863:0.790791:0.118919:0.790791:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013235:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013141:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.006259:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013141:0.013143:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.006259:0.020023:0.020023
-:@0.222315:0.807916:0.228983:0.807916:0.228983:0.789196:0.222315:0.789196:0.006668
克思《危机和反革命》）。中国也有分权，不过中国的分权是在中国共产党统一领导:@0.118919:0.831431:0.864801:0.831431:0.864801:0.815346:0.118919:0.815346:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020023:0.020025:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
之下的职能、任务、分工的分权，不是统治权的瓜分，是责权利的分配，是中央与地方、:@0.118919:0.855985:0.874876:0.855985:0.874876:0.839901:0.118919:0.839901:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
下级与上级、同事与同事之间的分工协作。中国的统治权是完整统一不容分割的。:@0.118919:0.880540:0.839730:0.880540:0.839730:0.864456:0.118919:0.864456:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
没有集中，就没有强有力的组织，没有强有力的组织，就无法有效管理，自由民:@0.159460:0.905095:0.865054:0.905095:0.865054:0.889010:0.159460:0.889010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023