• 191 •:@0.839890:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.839890:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.470440:0.071740:0.483311:0.071740:0.483311:0.055694:0.470440:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第六章 中国的集中民主与西方自由民主的实证对比:@0.483311:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.483311:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.534798:0.073066:0.543379:0.073066:0.543379:0.057020:0.534798:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
 :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.004291
主之下，再一致的理想也势必各行其是。传统的两党体制在很多国家都面临困境，面:@0.135135:0.119342:0.881255:0.119342:0.881255:0.103257:0.135135:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
对民众的抗议浪潮束手无策，难以控制。最糟的是三权分立、相互制衡、两党政治让:@0.135135:0.143913:0.881095:0.143913:0.881095:0.127829:0.135135:0.127829:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
低效率成为制度性缺陷。我国是实行人民民主专政国体和“议行合一”的人民代表大:@0.135135:0.168485:0.881331:0.168485:0.881331:0.152400:0.135135:0.152400:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
会制的政体，不实行分权。我国宪法规定，国务院和地方各级人民政府，是各级国家:@0.135135:0.193056:0.881095:0.193056:0.881095:0.176972:0.135135:0.176972:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
行政机关，同时也是各级人大的执行机关，对各级人大负责，并受其监督。:@0.135135:0.217628:0.795879:0.217628:0.795879:0.201543:0.135135:0.201543:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
四、西方的公投、少数服从多数与中国的集中民主:@0.172973:0.256892:0.676397:0.256892:0.676397:0.238575:0.172973:0.238575:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883
公投属于直接民主，被公认为自由世界最民主的举措。所谓公投，是就一国的重:@0.175676:0.290809:0.880810:0.290809:0.880810:0.274724:0.175676:0.274724:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
大问题进行全民公决，一人一票，然后以多数取胜，哪怕这个多数只是百分之零点一！:@0.135135:0.315380:0.881081:0.315380:0.881081:0.299296:0.135135:0.299296:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015051:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我就很纳闷：这个零点一的多数竟然代表公理，代表真理！这就是多数？这就是民主？:@0.135135:0.339952:0.881081:0.339952:0.881081:0.323867:0.135135:0.323867:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016294:0.016296:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.012566:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
51%:@0.135135:0.365563:0.171836:0.365563:0.171836:0.346843:0.135135:0.346843:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
就是“民”主？那:@0.176622:0.364523:0.335086:0.364523:0.335086:0.348439:0.176622:0.348439:0.020023:0.019163:0.020023:0.020023:0.019166:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
49%:@0.339886:0.365563:0.376587:0.365563:0.376587:0.346843:0.339886:0.346843:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
不是民？是什么？公投就是正确的、可靠的决策方式吗？:@0.381372:0.364523:0.881079:0.364523:0.881079:0.348439:0.381372:0.348439:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019166:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我们以英国脱欧公投为例。当年（:@0.175676:0.389095:0.493794:0.389095:0.493794:0.373010:0.175676:0.373010:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.020023:0.021504:0.021504:0.020023:0.020023
2016:@0.493794:0.390135:0.533839:0.390135:0.533839:0.371414:0.493794:0.371414:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年）决定脱欧时的公投票数为赞成票:@0.539225:0.389095:0.881070:0.389095:0.881070:0.373010:0.539225:0.373010:0.020763:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.021504:0.020023
17176006:@0.135135:0.414706:0.215225:0.414706:0.215225:0.395986:0.135135:0.395986:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
票，占总投票数:@0.220251:0.413666:0.360909:0.413666:0.360909:0.397582:0.220251:0.397582:0.020023:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020023
52%:@0.365955:0.414706:0.402656:0.414706:0.402656:0.395986:0.365955:0.395986:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
，反对票:@0.402656:0.413666:0.483047:0.413666:0.483047:0.397582:0.402656:0.397582:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020023
15952444:@0.488093:0.414706:0.568183:0.414706:0.568183:0.395986:0.488093:0.395986:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
票，占总数:@0.573208:0.413666:0.673621:0.413666:0.673621:0.397582:0.573208:0.397582:0.020023:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020023
48% :@0.678667:0.414706:0.720374:0.414706:0.720374:0.395986:0.678667:0.395986:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679:0.005006
，脱欧以相差:@0.722036:0.413666:0.842672:0.413666:0.842672:0.397582:0.722036:0.397582:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020123:0.020023
4 %:@0.847717:0.414706:0.881065:0.414706:0.881065:0.395986:0.847717:0.395986:0.010011:0.006657:0.016679
的票数决定，结果导致了英国历经多年极其艰难的脱欧谈判，然而，就在距英国正式:@0.135135:0.438238:0.881255:0.438238:0.881255:0.422153:0.135135:0.422153:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
脱欧只有:@0.135135:0.462809:0.215826:0.462809:0.215826:0.446724:0.135135:0.446724:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023
4:@0.220912:0.463849:0.230923:0.463849:0.230923:0.445129:0.220912:0.445129:0.010011
个来月的时候，英国《独立报》网站:@0.235989:0.462809:0.558856:0.462809:0.558856:0.446724:0.235989:0.446724:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020127:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023
2018:@0.564018:0.463849:0.604063:0.463849:0.604063:0.445129:0.564018:0.445129:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年:@0.609129:0.462809:0.629151:0.462809:0.629151:0.446724:0.609129:0.446724:0.020023
12:@0.634217:0.463849:0.654240:0.463849:0.654240:0.445129:0.634217:0.445129:0.010011:0.010011
月:@0.659305:0.462809:0.679328:0.462809:0.679328:0.446724:0.659305:0.446724:0.020023
8:@0.684393:0.463849:0.694405:0.463849:0.694405:0.445129:0.684393:0.445129:0.010011
日报道，就在英国议:@0.699470:0.462809:0.881075:0.462809:0.881075:0.446724:0.699470:0.446724:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020223:0.020023
会的重要脱欧投票之前几天发布的一项新民调显示，竟有:@0.135135:0.487380:0.649514:0.487380:0.649514:0.471296:0.135135:0.471296:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020023:0.020623:0.020623:0.020023
52%:@0.654780:0.488420:0.691481:0.488420:0.691481:0.469700:0.654780:0.469700:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
的人希望留在欧盟。:@0.696647:0.487380:0.881055:0.487380:0.881055:0.471296:0.696647:0.471296:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020623:0.020023:0.020023
我们且不说这一前一后的民意对与错，就说这种公投有何意义？留在欧盟对英国到底:@0.135135:0.511952:0.881125:0.511952:0.881125:0.495867:0.135135:0.495867:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
有多大损害，脱欧又会对英国带来多大好处，这种决策难道不能有更简便的方式进行:@0.135135:0.536523:0.881125:0.536523:0.881125:0.520439:0.135135:0.520439:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
吗？非得用这种劳民伤财的方式不可吗？你说这种大相径庭的民意可靠吗？:@0.135135:0.561095:0.795879:0.561095:0.795879:0.545010:0.135135:0.545010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
公民投票使另一部分社会成员失去机会，使他们的愿望不能实现，这就是不公，:@0.175676:0.585666:0.880810:0.585666:0.880810:0.569582:0.175676:0.569582:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020023
像英国脱欧，几近一半对一半，就是正确的选择吗？这种民主完全弃另一半人的意愿:@0.135135:0.610238:0.881255:0.610238:0.881255:0.594153:0.135135:0.594153:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
于不顾，撕裂群众，造成社会分裂，族群对立，我看就不如集中民主，考虑绝大多数:@0.135135:0.634809:0.880937:0.634809:0.880937:0.618724:0.135135:0.618724:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的意见和利益，兼顾社会大众的长远利益和整体利益。:@0.135135:0.659381:0.615676:0.659381:0.615676:0.643296:0.135135:0.643296:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
这种少数服从多数的公投在民主的发源地公元前的古希腊就有过灾难的经历。修:@0.175676:0.683952:0.881090:0.683952:0.881090:0.667867:0.175676:0.667867:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020023
昔底德在其著作《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》（公元前:@0.135135:0.708523:0.565602:0.708523:0.565602:0.692439:0.135135:0.692439:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020023:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020591:0.020603:0.020307:0.020023:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020023
431:@0.570746:0.709563:0.600779:0.709563:0.600779:0.690843:0.570746:0.690843:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
—:@0.600779:0.708523:0.620802:0.708523:0.620802:0.692439:0.600779:0.692439:0.020023
404:@0.620802:0.709563:0.650836:0.709563:0.650836:0.690843:0.620802:0.690843:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年）中，杜撰了一场雅典:@0.655981:0.708523:0.881079:0.708523:0.881079:0.692439:0.655981:0.692439:0.020307:0.020593:0.020023:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020593:0.020023
公民大会关于两种信念的辩论。论题是雅典是否应当干预科西拉和科林斯两国间的战:@0.135135:0.733095:0.880875:0.733095:0.880875:0.717010:0.135135:0.717010:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
争，支持前者。科西拉人争辩说，从地缘政治学的逻辑角度看，毫无疑问，雅典应当:@0.135135:0.757666:0.880935:0.757666:0.880935:0.741582:0.135135:0.741582:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
干预这场战争。而科林斯人则宣称，按照古希腊的规矩，不干涉主义是雅典唯一的选择。:@0.135135:0.782238:0.891092:0.782238:0.891092:0.766153:0.135135:0.766153:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
面对权益和原则之间的抉择，大会中多数人选择了前者，进而为古希腊文明带来了灾:@0.135135:0.806809:0.881125:0.806809:0.881125:0.790725:0.135135:0.790725:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
难性的后果。:@0.135135:0.831381:0.255270:0.831381:0.255270:0.815296:0.135135:0.815296:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
中国大陆不搞公投。有人拿瑞士来跟中国比，瑞士每年都要举行三四次公投，来:@0.175676:0.855952:0.880810:0.855952:0.880810:0.839868:0.175676:0.839868:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020023
决定国家大小事务，你在中国每年搞三四次公投试试？瑞士才多少人？多大面积，中:@0.135135:0.880524:0.881095:0.880524:0.881095:0.864439:0.135135:0.864439:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
国有多少人，多大面积，能实行一样的民主形式吗？就拿中国的计划生育来说，如果:@0.135135:0.905095:0.881095:0.905095:0.881095:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023