• 14 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.152481:0.946969:0.152481:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
所以，民主只是手段，而不是目标，目标只能是民生，是更美好的生活。人类不:@0.159460:0.119342:0.864891:0.119342:0.864891:0.103257:0.159460:0.103257:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020178:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
是为了民主而生，民主只是为人类所用。在西方，现代民主正在沦为政客手中政治斗:@0.118919:0.144554:0.865039:0.144554:0.865039:0.128469:0.118919:0.128469:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
争的工具，他们要的民主其实就是选票，而不是民生和人民的权利。:@0.118919:0.169088:0.719595:0.169088:0.719595:0.153003:0.118919:0.153003:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
3.:@0.159460:0.195410:0.175192:0.195410:0.175192:0.175799:0.159460:0.175799:0.010488:0.005244
当代问题难在集中，不在民主:@0.180435:0.194261:0.453123:0.194261:0.453123:0.177948:0.180435:0.177948:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
信息革命已经并正在改变世界政治。当然包括民主政治，尤其民主的手段和形式。:@0.159460:0.218155:0.874877:0.218155:0.874877:0.202070:0.159460:0.202070:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017325:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017325:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
一个世纪之前因为廉价电力而出现的大众通讯与广播，产生了政治集中化的后果，这:@0.118919:0.242688:0.864909:0.242688:0.864909:0.226604:0.118919:0.226604:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020023
种后果即使在民主国家中，也大于只有地方新闻机构的时代。:@0.118919:0.267222:0.668107:0.267222:0.668107:0.251137:0.118919:0.251137:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020023:0.020383:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020383:0.020373:0.020383:0.020023:0.020023
20:@0.667977:0.268262:0.688000:0.268262:0.688000:0.249542:0.667977:0.249542:0.010011:0.010011
世纪:@0.693085:0.267222:0.733491:0.267222:0.733491:0.251137:0.693085:0.251137:0.020383:0.020023
30:@0.738577:0.268262:0.758599:0.268262:0.758599:0.249542:0.738577:0.249542:0.010011:0.010011
年代，罗斯:@0.763685:0.267222:0.864869:0.267222:0.864869:0.251137:0.763685:0.251137:0.020383:0.020023:0.020373:0.020383:0.020023
福总统利用广播电台，深刻地改变了美国政治。而现在，网络摄像头可以让人们在家:@0.118919:0.291755:0.865039:0.291755:0.865039:0.275671:0.118919:0.275671:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
里或办公室里舒舒服服地参加视频会议。:@0.118919:0.316289:0.485091:0.316289:0.485091:0.300204:0.118919:0.300204:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023:0.020023
1993:@0.485151:0.317329:0.525196:0.317329:0.525196:0.298609:0.485151:0.298609:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年，世界上只有:@0.530302:0.316289:0.672262:0.316289:0.672262:0.300204:0.530302:0.300204:0.020023:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
50:@0.677388:0.317329:0.697410:0.317329:0.697410:0.298609:0.677388:0.298609:0.010011:0.010011
个网站，现在早已:@0.702516:0.316289:0.864859:0.316289:0.864859:0.300204:0.702516:0.300204:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
经超过:@0.118919:0.340823:0.179707:0.340823:0.179707:0.324738:0.118919:0.324738:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
1:@0.184793:0.341863:0.194804:0.341863:0.194804:0.323142:0.184793:0.323142:0.010011
亿个了。:@0.199890:0.340823:0.280701:0.340823:0.280701:0.324738:0.199890:0.324738:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023:0.020023
2021:@0.280701:0.341863:0.320746:0.341863:0.320746:0.323142:0.280701:0.323142:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年底，全球上网人数达到:@0.325832:0.340823:0.549324:0.340823:0.549324:0.324738:0.325832:0.324738:0.020383:0.020023:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
49:@0.554409:0.341863:0.574432:0.341863:0.574432:0.323142:0.554409:0.323142:0.010011:0.010011
亿，大约占全球人口的:@0.579518:0.340823:0.782626:0.340823:0.782626:0.324738:0.579518:0.324738:0.020023:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020383:0.020023
63%:@0.787712:0.341863:0.824413:0.341863:0.824413:0.323142:0.787712:0.323142:0.010011:0.010011:0.016679
，而:@0.824413:0.340823:0.864819:0.340823:0.864819:0.324738:0.824413:0.324738:0.020383:0.020023
我国网民已达:@0.118919:0.365356:0.240746:0.365356:0.240746:0.349272:0.118919:0.349272:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020363:0.020023
10.32:@0.245802:0.366396:0.290853:0.366396:0.290853:0.347676:0.245802:0.347676:0.010011:0.010011:0.005006:0.010011:0.010011
亿。信息技术，尤其是互联网使得民意的表达与收集越来越方便:@0.295938:0.365356:0.865009:0.365356:0.865009:0.349272:0.295938:0.349272:0.020023:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020023:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020353:0.020363:0.020363:0.020363:0.020023
快捷。正因民意表达的方式方法和渠道变得多了，快了，民意收集已经十分容易，而:@0.118919:0.389890:0.864879:0.389890:0.864879:0.373805:0.118919:0.373805:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
面对浩如烟海的信息、问题、民众诉求和利益表达，如何取舍，如何抉择，如何综合，:@0.118919:0.414423:0.874876:0.414423:0.874876:0.398339:0.118919:0.398339:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
就成为主要矛盾。所以当代民主问题，难在集中，不在民主。也就是说，矛盾的主要:@0.118919:0.438957:0.864717:0.438957:0.864717:0.422872:0.118919:0.422872:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020020:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
方面在上层，不在下层，在领导，不在民众，所以，集中民主变得愈发重要。如何将:@0.118919:0.463490:0.864879:0.463490:0.864879:0.447406:0.118919:0.447406:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
各方的利益表达和政治要求进行集中、整合，形成目标一致或比较一致的政策选择，:@0.118919:0.488024:0.865039:0.488024:0.865039:0.471939:0.118919:0.471939:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
是当代社会的一大难题，所以是集中民主的重要课题。集中民主不同于自由民主之处:@0.118919:0.512558:0.864909:0.512558:0.864909:0.496473:0.118919:0.496473:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
之一，就是讲要重视集中，不能一味迎合、投合选民，而牺牲全社会和全体人民的整:@0.118919:0.537091:0.864879:0.537091:0.864879:0.521007:0.118919:0.521007:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
体利益和长远利益。再则，从发展上看，现在的决策机构，不论是政府还是其他组织，:@0.118919:0.561625:0.874876:0.561625:0.874876:0.545540:0.118919:0.545540:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.018799:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
比如企业等，决策能力和水平已不是希腊时代所能比得了，集中的能力大大增强。再则，:@0.118919:0.586158:0.874876:0.586158:0.874876:0.570074:0.118919:0.570074:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
现代交通与通讯的发展，方便快捷的交通网，上天入地的互联网，可以省去诸多中间:@0.118919:0.610692:0.865039:0.610692:0.865039:0.594607:0.118919:0.594607:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
环节，扫除了种种层级障碍，为权力的集中提供了充分的客观条件和强大的物质基础。:@0.118919:0.635226:0.874876:0.635226:0.874876:0.619141:0.118919:0.619141:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
所有这一切也表明，自由民主向集中民主的转化也是一种自然而然的趋势。:@0.118919:0.659759:0.779663:0.659759:0.779663:0.643675:0.118919:0.643675:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
民主从自由民主到集中民主是一个自然的历史发展过程。集中在民主政治中上升:@0.159460:0.684293:0.864874:0.684293:0.864874:0.668208:0.159460:0.668208:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
为主要矛盾或矛盾的主要方面是历史发展的必然。民主一开始是一种全员民主的形式，:@0.118919:0.708826:0.874876:0.708826:0.874876:0.692742:0.118919:0.692742:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015123:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
全体成员都参与决策，比如原始社会的军事民主，因为那时人数少，情况简单，环境:@0.118919:0.733360:0.864879:0.733360:0.864879:0.717275:0.118919:0.717275:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
允许。后来人多了，发展为代议制，代议制就是一种集中民主的初级形式。过去民主:@0.118919:0.757894:0.864879:0.757894:0.864879:0.741809:0.118919:0.741809:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的形式也简单，就是开会、面谈，资讯也少，现在民主的方式、方法、渠道比过去多:@0.118919:0.782427:0.864887:0.782427:0.864887:0.766342:0.118919:0.766342:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020021:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
了去了，各种调研活动、各种制度化的会议、网络、民意调查、各种意见领袖的意见书，:@0.118919:0.806961:0.874876:0.806961:0.874876:0.790876:0.118919:0.790876:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
甚至街谈巷议，都能很快获取民众的意见。现在难的是集中，不是民主，民主可通过:@0.118919:0.831494:0.864879:0.831494:0.864879:0.815410:0.118919:0.815410:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
各种方法和渠道表达，民意也可通过多种方式和渠道获得，而集中民众的意见、意志、:@0.118919:0.856028:0.874876:0.856028:0.874876:0.839943:0.118919:0.839943:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
作出取舍、决策需要经验、智慧，绝不是单靠举手表决、少数服从多数那么简单做出的。:@0.118919:0.880561:0.874876:0.880561:0.874876:0.864477:0.118919:0.864477:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013794:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
绝不是的！所以，现代民主政治，难点在集中，重点在集中。这是时代的变化带来的。:@0.118919:0.905095:0.874876:0.905095:0.874876:0.889010:0.118919:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018799:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023