• 232 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.160108:0.946969:0.160108:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
民党和基民盟自:@0.118919:0.119342:0.259077:0.119342:0.259077:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
1990:@0.263602:0.120382:0.303647:0.120382:0.303647:0.101662:0.263602:0.101662:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年以来已经失去了近一半党员，而且下降趋势仍在继续。目前，:@0.308172:0.119342:0.864885:0.119342:0.864885:0.103257:0.308172:0.103257:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018062:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018064:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
英国选民入党比例甚至不足:@0.118919:0.144508:0.359189:0.144508:0.359189:0.128423:0.118919:0.128423:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
1%:@0.362373:0.145548:0.389063:0.145548:0.389063:0.126828:0.362373:0.126828:0.010011:0.016679
，波兰和拉脱维亚也是如此。德国选民入党也跌破了:@0.389063:0.144508:0.834995:0.144508:0.834995:0.128423:0.389063:0.128423:0.012728:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.012730:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2%:@0.838169:0.145548:0.864859:0.145548:0.864859:0.126828:0.838169:0.126828:0.010011:0.016679
这个限度。早在:@0.118919:0.169674:0.259677:0.169674:0.259677:0.153590:0.118919:0.153590:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020023:0.020143:0.020143:0.020023
2009:@0.264723:0.170714:0.304768:0.170714:0.304768:0.151994:0.264723:0.151994:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年欧洲国家平均就只有:@0.309814:0.169674:0.511121:0.169674:0.511121:0.153590:0.309814:0.153590:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020023
4.7%:@0.516186:0.170714:0.557893:0.170714:0.557893:0.151994:0.516186:0.151994:0.010011:0.005006:0.010011:0.016679
的选民还属于某个政党。多数民众:@0.562939:0.169674:0.864839:0.169674:0.864839:0.153590:0.562939:0.153590:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020023:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020143:0.020023
不信政党，政党变成了边缘群体，在丹麦、芬兰和荷兰，只有三分之一的民众相信政党，:@0.118919:0.194840:0.874876:0.194840:0.874876:0.178756:0.118919:0.178756:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013793:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
德国和奥地利仅有四分之一，在法国、意大利和许多东欧国家只还有十分之一或更少:@0.118919:0.220006:0.864909:0.220006:0.864909:0.203922:0.118919:0.203922:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
的人相信政党。人们甚至也不再需要教会和工会（以上均为:@0.118919:0.245173:0.651479:0.245173:0.651479:0.229088:0.118919:0.229088:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023
2016:@0.656424:0.246213:0.696469:0.246213:0.696469:0.227492:0.656424:0.227492:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年统计数据，但趋:@0.701595:0.245173:0.864899:0.245173:0.864899:0.229088:0.701595:0.229088:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023:0.020543:0.020543:0.020023
势未变）。在几乎所有欧洲国家，老牌政党都陷入危机。问题是，西方的政党制度无:@0.118919:0.270339:0.864801:0.270339:0.864801:0.254254:0.118919:0.254254:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
法实现必要的突破，两党制根深蒂固，两党制就是两个党派，他们都有自己的利益和:@0.118919:0.295505:0.865039:0.295505:0.865039:0.279420:0.118919:0.279420:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
意识形态，政党制度难变革，政党政治也就无法改善，所以近年他们在选举中都遭遇:@0.118919:0.320671:0.865037:0.320671:0.865037:0.304586:0.118919:0.304586:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020020:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
困难。:@0.118919:0.345837:0.178987:0.345837:0.178987:0.329752:0.118919:0.329752:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2016:@0.159460:0.372043:0.199505:0.372043:0.199505:0.353323:0.159460:0.353323:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年，先是葡萄牙、西班牙，然后是爱尔兰，现在又是斯洛伐克:@0.204490:0.371003:0.744732:0.371003:0.744732:0.354919:0.204490:0.354919:0.020023:0.019930:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019933:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019930:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019930:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
—:@0.744730:0.371003:0.784775:0.371003:0.784775:0.354919:0.744730:0.354919:0.040045
所有这些:@0.784775:0.371003:0.864866:0.371003:0.864866:0.354919:0.784775:0.354919:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
欧洲国家近来都遇到了相似的“选举诅咒”：在议会选举中，不论是执政常还是反对党，:@0.118919:0.396169:0.874876:0.396169:0.874876:0.380085:0.118919:0.380085:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.010678:0.016907:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
大党都遭到惩罚，而小型（往往是极端主义）的边缘政党则趁机扩张。在四分五裂的:@0.118919:0.421335:0.864957:0.421335:0.864957:0.405251:0.118919:0.405251:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
议会中，没有哪个政党能够获得具有执政能力的多数席位。取而代之的是一个政治停:@0.118919:0.446502:0.864909:0.446502:0.864909:0.430417:0.118919:0.430417:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
滞期，其特征是艰难的试探性谈判、酝酿中的各种传闻和隐蔽的力量角逐。在大多数:@0.118919:0.471668:0.865039:0.471668:0.865039:0.455583:0.118919:0.455583:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
情况下，这样的政治真空要么以脆弱的少数派政府、要么以重新选举而告终。然后，:@0.118919:0.496834:0.864879:0.496834:0.864879:0.480749:0.118919:0.480749:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
同样的事情会从头再来一遍。:@0.118919:0.522000:0.379212:0.522000:0.379212:0.505915:0.118919:0.505915:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
欧洲大党缘何身中“选举诅咒”？有分析认为，造成这种选举结果的原因是“国:@0.159460:0.547166:0.864976:0.547166:0.864976:0.531081:0.159460:0.531081:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
内和国际危机的结合（腐败、金融和移民危机）”。政治精英要么被选民认为对此负:@0.118919:0.572332:0.864801:0.572332:0.864801:0.556248:0.118919:0.556248:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
有直接责任，要么被指责没有拿出针对这些问题的方案，白白浪费时间。其次，传统:@0.118919:0.597498:0.864879:0.597498:0.864879:0.581414:0.118919:0.581414:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
政党在信誉和民众认同程度上遇到问题。“在国家和欧洲遭遇认同危机期间，传统政:@0.118919:0.622664:0.865039:0.622664:0.865039:0.606580:0.118919:0.606580:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
党未能让民众对它们产生新的认同 。”:@0.118919:0.647831:0.475952:0.647831:0.475952:0.631746:0.118919:0.631746:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016650:0.020023:0.020023
a:@0.424263:0.638835:0.435913:0.638835:0.435913:0.630770:0.424263:0.630770:0.011650
政党恶斗，这是许多西方政府的效能极其低下的根源。西方自近代以来，政党是:@0.159460:0.672997:0.864593:0.672997:0.864593:0.656912:0.159460:0.656912:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
组织国家政治生活的最主要手段，尤其在美国，几乎所有问题，都要通过政党政治而:@0.118919:0.698163:0.865039:0.698163:0.865039:0.682078:0.118919:0.682078:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
转化为国家政策来最终得到解决。本来两党竞争、三权分立，是为了防止政府滥用权力，:@0.118919:0.723329:0.874876:0.723329:0.874876:0.707244:0.118919:0.707244:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
但如今事实表明，由于两党制的存在，一些激进派议员为维护党派立场却在滥用权力，:@0.118919:0.748495:0.874876:0.748495:0.874876:0.732410:0.118919:0.732410:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
丝毫不考虑国家和民生需要。西方议会的各专业委员会，日益成为各党派讨价还价、:@0.118919:0.773661:0.865039:0.773661:0.865039:0.757576:0.118919:0.757576:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
进行政治斗争的场所。而在为了各自政治利益互不相让的政治生态中，妥协越来越难，:@0.118919:0.798827:0.874876:0.798827:0.874876:0.782743:0.118919:0.782743:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
英国、美国都是这样。在英国，反对党工党的领袖科尔宾不停地否决首相梅的脱欧方案，:@0.118919:0.823993:0.874876:0.823993:0.874876:0.807909:0.118919:0.807909:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
其实是为了自己获得权利，在美国，政治人物自私自利走向极端，两党之间及至他们:@0.118919:0.849160:0.865039:0.849160:0.865039:0.833075:0.118919:0.833075:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
个人之间的对立和仇视已经公开化，不可调和。美国现在叫“否决政治”，这是福山:@0.118919:0.874326:0.864803:0.874326:0.864803:0.858241:0.118919:0.858241:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
a :@0.118919:0.903806:0.147494:0.903806:0.147494:0.893925:0.118919:0.893925:0.014273:0.014302
《参考消息》:@0.145946:0.904738:0.231757:0.904738:0.231757:0.893575:0.145946:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302
2016:@0.231757:0.905481:0.260361:0.905481:0.260361:0.892109:0.231757:0.892109:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151:0.007151
年:@0.263936:0.904738:0.278238:0.904738:0.278238:0.893575:0.263936:0.893575:0.014302
3:@0.281813:0.905481:0.288964:0.905481:0.288964:0.892109:0.281813:0.892109:0.007151
卷:@0.292540:0.904738:0.306841:0.904738:0.306841:0.893575:0.292540:0.893575:0.014302
11:@0.310417:0.905481:0.324190:0.905481:0.324190:0.892109:0.310417:0.892109:0.006622:0.007151
期奥报分析。:@0.327765:0.904738:0.413576:0.904738:0.413576:0.893575:0.327765:0.893575:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302:0.014302