• 234 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.160108:0.946969:0.160108:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
似美国这样的政府关门还真不多见。美国三权分立的宪政民主体制运作了:@0.118919:0.119342:0.764448:0.119342:0.764448:0.103257:0.118919:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
240:@0.769551:0.120382:0.799585:0.120382:0.799585:0.101662:0.769551:0.101662:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
多年，:@0.804631:0.119342:0.864861:0.119342:0.864861:0.103257:0.804631:0.103257:0.020185:0.020023:0.020023
在这一体制下成为世界第一强国，这本身就肯定了其无法否认的价值。但成功不等于:@0.118919:0.143897:0.864909:0.143897:0.864909:0.127812:0.118919:0.127812:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
没有缺陷，时间长了，情况变了，阶级状况也变了，还用老一套就难免不适用，就会:@0.118919:0.168451:0.864719:0.168451:0.864719:0.152367:0.118919:0.152367:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
带来问题，有时甚至带来很严重的问题，且很难纠正。大家可能有所不知，在美国，:@0.118919:0.193006:0.864719:0.193006:0.864719:0.176922:0.118919:0.176922:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
总统与国会其实是互为相对独立的两个权力中心。美国总统、:@0.118919:0.217561:0.683555:0.217561:0.683555:0.201477:0.118919:0.201477:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.020023:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.020023:0.020023
100:@0.683434:0.218601:0.713468:0.218601:0.713468:0.199881:0.683434:0.199881:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
名联邦参议员和:@0.718714:0.217561:0.864879:0.217561:0.864879:0.201477:0.718714:0.201477:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.021024:0.020023
435:@0.118919:0.243156:0.148953:0.243156:0.148953:0.224436:0.118919:0.224436:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
名众议员，都是通过一人一票的直接选举产生，他们都各自对自己的选民负责，:@0.154039:0.242116:0.864759:0.242116:0.864759:0.226031:0.154039:0.226031:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020343:0.020023:0.020023
互不从属，因此，两者之间就非常容易爆发冲突，尤其是在不属于同党的情况下。府:@0.118919:0.266671:0.864879:0.266671:0.864879:0.250586:0.118919:0.250586:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
院之争在事关美国“钱袋子”的预算上表现尤为突出。:@0.118919:0.291225:0.599460:0.291225:0.599460:0.275141:0.118919:0.275141:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
1974:@0.599460:0.292265:0.639505:0.292265:0.639505:0.273545:0.599460:0.273545:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年，美国通过预算法案，:@0.644591:0.291225:0.864839:0.291225:0.864839:0.275141:0.644591:0.275141:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
建立了一套标准化的预算立法和拨款程序，可从那时起到现在的特朗普关门时为止的:@0.118919:0.315780:0.864659:0.315780:0.864659:0.299696:0.118919:0.299696:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
45:@0.118919:0.341375:0.138942:0.341375:0.138942:0.322655:0.118919:0.322655:0.010011:0.010011
年中，国会按时通过预算仅仅只有可怜的:@0.143947:0.340335:0.504353:0.340335:0.504353:0.324250:0.143947:0.324250:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
4:@0.509419:0.341375:0.519430:0.341375:0.519430:0.322655:0.509419:0.322655:0.010011
次。因此，预算案通不过，导致政府关:@0.524436:0.340335:0.864819:0.340335:0.864819:0.324250:0.524436:0.324250:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
门，是这种体制的常态。每年，两党都会就预算问题“大打出手”。未来美国要想消:@0.118919:0.364890:0.864642:0.364890:0.864642:0.348805:0.118919:0.348805:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
灭关门现象，除了要进行社会经济改革，重振中产阶级以外，还要在政治制度设计上:@0.118919:0.389444:0.865039:0.389444:0.865039:0.373360:0.118919:0.373360:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
加以改革，我的看法是，不在三权分立上进行有效改革，政府关门还将继续上演。:@0.118919:0.413999:0.839730:0.413999:0.839730:0.397915:0.118919:0.397915:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
另外，关门危机与美国政治的分化加剧、“极化”明显的困境有关。美国两党相:@0.159460:0.438554:0.864972:0.438554:0.864972:0.422469:0.159460:0.422469:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
争、两院分治的政治制度被极端化，原本的权力制衡演变为恶意打压、恶性竞争的地步，:@0.118919:0.463109:0.874876:0.463109:0.874876:0.447024:0.118919:0.447024:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
甚至日益变为顽固的、不妥协的意识形态之争。美国《纽约时报》专栏作家弗里德曼:@0.118919:0.487664:0.864957:0.487664:0.864957:0.471579:0.118919:0.471579:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
曾经一针见血地指出“关门风波”反证出以多数原则为基础的美式民主正面临威胁。:@0.118919:0.512218:0.865115:0.512218:0.865115:0.496134:0.118919:0.496134:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
他认为，美国政治制度中有以下三方面发生结构性变化：首先是国会中少数议员不仅:@0.118919:0.536773:0.864909:0.536773:0.864909:0.520689:0.118919:0.520689:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
能掌控他们自己的政党，甚至能够掌控整个政府；其次，参与这一过程的议员们理直:@0.118919:0.561328:0.865039:0.561328:0.865039:0.545243:0.118919:0.545243:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
气壮地认为自己被赋予权力而更肆无忌惮；最后，当极端派人士希望远离传统的制度:@0.118919:0.585883:0.864909:0.585883:0.864909:0.569798:0.118919:0.569798:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
基础即多数原则时，民主制度就已陷入危难之中了。:@0.118919:0.610438:0.579437:0.610438:0.579437:0.594353:0.118919:0.594353:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
政府无能。中美关系变坏的主要原因其实来自美国内部，由于制度和体制等原因，:@0.159460:0.634992:0.874877:0.634992:0.874877:0.618908:0.159460:0.618908:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017326:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017325:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美国政府和总统没有能力和办法处理它的一些内政问题，这才导致美国政府不得不把:@0.118919:0.659547:0.864659:0.659547:0.864659:0.643462:0.118919:0.643462:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
中国在战略上定为“竞争对手”，甚至敌人。从抗疫的情况来看，美国疫情大蔓延，:@0.118919:0.684102:0.864641:0.684102:0.864641:0.668017:0.118919:0.668017:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020020:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
死亡人数居世界第一，让全世界对美国的治理能力“大跌眼镜”，足见其领导力和软:@0.118919:0.708657:0.864957:0.708657:0.864957:0.692572:0.118919:0.692572:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
实力的衰退。:@0.118919:0.733211:0.239054:0.733211:0.239054:0.717127:0.118919:0.717127:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
除了美国政府的低能与无能之外，美国整个体制的高成本低效率也是美国民主衰:@0.159460:0.757766:0.864874:0.757766:0.864874:0.741682:0.159460:0.741682:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
落的重要表现。美国民主制度难以克服的高成本低效率主要体现在三个方面：:@0.118919:0.782321:0.799685:0.782321:0.799685:0.766236:0.118919:0.766236:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
首先是选举频率高、消耗大。美国基本上是每两年进行一次选举，总统选举完后，:@0.159460:0.806876:0.874877:0.806876:0.874877:0.790791:0.159460:0.790791:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018225:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
隔:@0.118919:0.831431:0.138942:0.831431:0.138942:0.815346:0.118919:0.815346:0.020023
2:@0.143987:0.832471:0.153999:0.832471:0.153999:0.813750:0.143987:0.813750:0.010011
年进行议会选举，紧接着:@0.159044:0.831431:0.380914:0.831431:0.380914:0.815346:0.159044:0.815346:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
2:@0.385980:0.832471:0.395991:0.832471:0.395991:0.813750:0.385980:0.813750:0.010011
年之后，又是总统选举、议会选举。总统、议员往往:@0.401037:0.831431:0.864799:0.831431:0.864799:0.815346:0.401037:0.815346:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
要提前一年开始准备初选，再到次年进行正式选举，给人的感觉就是年年都在选举，:@0.118919:0.855985:0.865039:0.855985:0.865039:0.839901:0.118919:0.839901:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
甚至天天在谈选举。如此，这些人眼里心里只有选票，哪里还有精力考虑国家大事？:@0.118919:0.880540:0.864879:0.880540:0.864879:0.864456:0.118919:0.864456:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
比如，:@0.118919:0.905095:0.178987:0.905095:0.178987:0.889010:0.118919:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2018:@0.178987:0.906135:0.219032:0.906135:0.219032:0.887415:0.178987:0.887415:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年美国预算拨款:@0.224037:0.905095:0.364195:0.905095:0.364195:0.889010:0.224037:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
120:@0.369201:0.906135:0.399235:0.906135:0.399235:0.887415:0.369201:0.887415:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
亿美元补贴豆农，但:@0.404240:0.905095:0.584443:0.905095:0.584443:0.889010:0.404240:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
10:@0.589449:0.906135:0.609471:0.906135:0.609471:0.887415:0.589449:0.887415:0.010011:0.010011
个月过去了，只到位:@0.614477:0.905095:0.794680:0.905095:0.794680:0.889010:0.614477:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
80:@0.799685:0.906135:0.819708:0.906135:0.819708:0.887415:0.799685:0.887415:0.010011:0.010011
亿。:@0.824714:0.905095:0.864759:0.905095:0.864759:0.889010:0.824714:0.889010:0.020023:0.020023