• 235 •:@0.839890:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.839890:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.470440:0.071740:0.483311:0.071740:0.483311:0.055694:0.470440:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第六章 中国的集中民主与西方自由民主的实证对比:@0.483311:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.483311:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.534798:0.073066:0.543379:0.073066:0.543379:0.057020:0.534798:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
 :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.004291
其次是选举造势资金消耗巨大。:@0.175676:0.119342:0.455991:0.119342:0.455991:0.103257:0.175676:0.103257:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2016:@0.455811:0.120382:0.495856:0.120382:0.495856:0.101662:0.455811:0.101662:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年美国总统选举及议会选举，每个政党的竞:@0.500822:0.119342:0.881078:0.119342:0.881078:0.103257:0.500822:0.103257:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019850:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
选经费都高达:@0.135135:0.143897:0.255270:0.143897:0.255270:0.127812:0.135135:0.127812:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
33:@0.259455:0.144937:0.279478:0.144937:0.279478:0.126216:0.259455:0.126216:0.010011:0.010011
亿美元。这仅仅是账面可查数字。而候选人到社区或农村“拜票”时，:@0.283662:0.143897:0.891108:0.143897:0.891108:0.127812:0.283662:0.127812:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016709:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016709:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016711:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.016709:0.020023:0.020023
都会给选民送“午、晚餐”或“红包”，这个各候选人就不得不自掏腰包了。克林顿:@0.135135:0.168451:0.881111:0.168451:0.881111:0.152367:0.135135:0.152367:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020021:0.020203:0.020020:0.020203:0.020193:0.020107:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020109:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020203:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023:0.020193:0.020193:0.020193:0.020023
竞选总统时，其个人负债就高达:@0.135135:0.193006:0.415451:0.193006:0.415451:0.176922:0.135135:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
500:@0.420456:0.194046:0.450490:0.194046:0.450490:0.175326:0.420456:0.175326:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
多万美元。:@0.455496:0.193006:0.555609:0.193006:0.555609:0.176922:0.455496:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
再次是议会、法院和政府运行成本高昂。出台一项法案往往需要几个月甚至几年:@0.175676:0.217561:0.880950:0.217561:0.880950:0.201477:0.175676:0.201477:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
才能完成程序，比如奥巴马时期的《医疗改革法案》耗时将近:@0.135135:0.242116:0.679510:0.242116:0.679510:0.226031:0.135135:0.226031:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
8:@0.684674:0.243156:0.694685:0.243156:0.694685:0.224436:0.684674:0.224436:0.010011
年，可是特朗普一上:@0.699731:0.242116:0.881055:0.242116:0.881055:0.226031:0.699731:0.226031:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
台就把这个法案给废除了，这浪费了多少时间多少钱？又如，为了一个美墨边境:@0.135135:0.266671:0.855786:0.266671:0.855786:0.250586:0.135135:0.250586:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020023:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020023:0.020663:0.020663:0.020023:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020663:0.020023
57:@0.861052:0.267711:0.881075:0.267711:0.881075:0.248990:0.861052:0.248990:0.010011:0.010011
亿美元的建墙费，院府各不相让，导致政府关门长达:@0.135135:0.291225:0.598857:0.291225:0.598857:0.275141:0.135135:0.275141:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
1:@0.603943:0.292265:0.613954:0.292265:0.613954:0.273545:0.603943:0.273545:0.010011
个多月，直接经济损失就超过:@0.619000:0.291225:0.881055:0.291225:0.881055:0.275141:0.619000:0.275141:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
1000:@0.135135:0.316820:0.175180:0.316820:0.175180:0.298100:0.135135:0.298100:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
亿美元。:@0.180186:0.315780:0.260276:0.315780:0.260276:0.299696:0.180186:0.299696:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
3.:@0.175676:0.342124:0.191408:0.342124:0.191408:0.322513:0.175676:0.322513:0.010488:0.005244
从社会乱象来看西方民主的衰落:@0.196652:0.340975:0.490316:0.340975:0.490316:0.324662:0.196652:0.324662:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
远的咱们不说，自“占领华尔街”运动以来，美国民众的抗议示威游行就不绝于缕，:@0.175676:0.364890:0.891093:0.364890:0.891093:0.348805:0.175676:0.348805:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013667:0.013669:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013669:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013667:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
最后发展到暴力冲击国会大厦。:@0.135135:0.389444:0.415451:0.389444:0.415451:0.373360:0.135135:0.373360:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2021:@0.415451:0.390484:0.455496:0.390484:0.455496:0.371764:0.415451:0.371764:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年:@0.460541:0.389444:0.480564:0.389444:0.480564:0.373360:0.460541:0.373360:0.020023
1:@0.485570:0.390484:0.495581:0.390484:0.495581:0.371764:0.485570:0.371764:0.010011
月:@0.500587:0.389444:0.520609:0.389444:0.520609:0.373360:0.500587:0.373360:0.020023
6:@0.525615:0.390484:0.535626:0.390484:0.535626:0.371764:0.525615:0.371764:0.010011
日，美国首都发生暴力示威，部分示威:@0.540632:0.389444:0.881015:0.389444:0.881015:0.373360:0.540632:0.373360:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
者冲进国会大厦，与警方发生激烈冲突，名抗议者死亡，名国会警察重伤后不治身亡，:@0.135135:0.413999:0.891086:0.413999:0.891086:0.397915:0.135135:0.397915:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.010041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.022555:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.022565:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
4:@0.475578:0.415039:0.485590:0.415039:0.485590:0.396319:0.475578:0.396319:0.010011
1:@0.618279:0.415039:0.628290:0.415039:0.628290:0.396319:0.618279:0.396319:0.010011
国会依照宪法举行的确认拜登胜选的程序被迫中断。这件事被国际舆论普遍认为是美:@0.135135:0.438554:0.880875:0.438554:0.880875:0.422469:0.135135:0.422469:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
国政治制度的一次重大挫折，象征“美式民主”神话的终结。作为人民代表议论国事:@0.135135:0.463109:0.881175:0.463109:0.881175:0.447024:0.135135:0.447024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的神圣场所，竟遭到人民的暴力冲击，这实在是对美国民主的莫大讽刺和鄙视！:@0.135135:0.487664:0.835924:0.487664:0.835924:0.471579:0.135135:0.471579:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
 :@0.835924:0.488704:0.840930:0.488704:0.840930:0.469983:0.835924:0.469983:0.005006
美国一向自诩为“民主灯塔”，编造了无数美国民主的神话。神话之一是，定期:@0.175676:0.512218:0.881188:0.512218:0.881188:0.496134:0.175676:0.496134:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的一人一票民选可以避免权力争夺造成的激烈冲突和内战，实现权力的平稳过渡。可:@0.135135:0.536773:0.881125:0.536773:0.881125:0.520689:0.135135:0.520689:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020023
是，我们不仅看到很多追随美式民主的国家经常发生冲突和内战，这次我们更看到美:@0.135135:0.561328:0.881125:0.561328:0.881125:0.545243:0.135135:0.545243:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
国自己这场煽动抗议者冲击国会、向全世界公开播放的“美式民主”的实景秀，这充:@0.135135:0.585883:0.881173:0.585883:0.881173:0.569798:0.135135:0.569798:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
分证明，美式选举未必能够保证政治权力的和平交接。这次暴力冲击国会事件暴露了:@0.135135:0.610438:0.881125:0.610438:0.881125:0.594353:0.135135:0.594353:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
美国民主存在的许多根本缺陷，且无法改变。:@0.135135:0.634992:0.535586:0.634992:0.535586:0.618908:0.135135:0.618908:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
美国暴力冲击国会大厦等等震惊世界的民主壮举，向世人展现和证明了美国民主:@0.175676:0.659547:0.881090:0.659547:0.881090:0.643462:0.175676:0.643462:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
并没有给美国带来政治稳定。美国人认为，民选提供了最稳定的合法性基础，有效解:@0.135135:0.684102:0.881255:0.684102:0.881255:0.668017:0.135135:0.668017:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
决了现代国家的合法性问题，从而实现了长治久安。可我们看到的恰恰是完全相反的:@0.135135:0.708657:0.881125:0.708657:0.881125:0.692572:0.135135:0.692572:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
事实。远的不说，自第二次世界大战以后，尤其冷战结束以后，许多国家模仿“美式:@0.135135:0.733211:0.880935:0.733211:0.880935:0.717127:0.135135:0.717127:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
民主”，特别是移植美国选举制度，便却陷入政治不稳定的恶性循环。近年来，美国:@0.135135:0.757766:0.881017:0.757766:0.881017:0.741682:0.135135:0.741682:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
国内政治冲突加剧，就在前不久，“黑人的命也是命”的反种族歧视抗议活动席卷全美，:@0.135135:0.782321:0.891092:0.782321:0.891092:0.766236:0.135135:0.766236:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.007563:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
政府高官如走马灯一般换来换去，总统弹劾案在众议院表决通过，:@0.135135:0.806876:0.715789:0.806876:0.715789:0.790791:0.135135:0.790791:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
2020:@0.715789:0.807916:0.755834:0.807916:0.755834:0.789196:0.715789:0.789196:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
年美国总统选:@0.760920:0.806876:0.881055:0.806876:0.881055:0.790791:0.760920:0.790791:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
举不但没有带来稳定，反倒引发新一波更大的政治动荡。:@0.135135:0.831431:0.635699:0.831431:0.635699:0.815346:0.135135:0.815346:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
人们已经反复看到，自由化、民主化的西方政治是动荡的，不是自由、民主不好，:@0.175676:0.855985:0.891093:0.855985:0.891093:0.839901:0.175676:0.839901:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018675:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018673:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018673:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018675:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
而是过度自由与过度民主以及体制本身造成治理麻烦，包括毫无成果的政治运动、过:@0.135135:0.880540:0.881125:0.880540:0.881125:0.864456:0.135135:0.864456:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020023
于频繁的政府更替、民粹主义者的胡作非为和目光短浅等。自由民主也正在造成西方:@0.135135:0.905095:0.881125:0.905095:0.881125:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023