• 32 •:@0.118919:0.946969:0.152481:0.946969:0.152481:0.932706:0.118919:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
On Centralized Democracy —Taking China as an Example:@0.179757:0.081230:0.450417:0.081230:0.450417:0.070402:0.179757:0.070402:0.008261:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005080:0.005721:0.003181:0.004451:0.005721:0.003181:0.003181:0.004451:0.005080:0.005721:0.002860:0.008261:0.005080:0.008261:0.005721:0.005080:0.004451:0.005721:0.005080:0.005080:0.002860:0.010171:0.005310:0.005721:0.005080:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.007631:0.005721:0.003181:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.005721:0.004451:0.002860:0.005721:0.005721:0.002860:0.006991:0.005080:0.005721:0.008261:0.005721:0.003181:0.005080
论集中民主——以中国为例:@0.118811:0.070987:0.324757:0.070987:0.324757:0.057677:0.118811:0.057677:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
中国有:@0.159460:0.119342:0.220598:0.119342:0.220598:0.103257:0.159460:0.103257:0.020563:0.020553:0.020023
2000:@0.225734:0.120382:0.265779:0.120382:0.265779:0.101662:0.225734:0.101662:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011:0.010011
多年的皇权传统，这种皇权体制在统治阶级的专制、压迫之下，也:@0.270925:0.119342:0.865034:0.119342:0.865034:0.103257:0.270925:0.103257:0.020563:0.020553:0.020563:0.020563:0.020563:0.020553:0.020023:0.020563:0.020563:0.020563:0.020553:0.020563:0.020563:0.020563:0.020563:0.020553:0.020563:0.020563:0.020553:0.020563:0.020563:0.020023:0.020563:0.020553:0.020563:0.020563:0.020023:0.020563:0.020023
养成了中国人君国一体和家国一体的思维，由此产生“忠君报国”的民族精神。岳飞:@0.118919:0.143897:0.864959:0.143897:0.864959:0.127812:0.118919:0.127812:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020103:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的“精忠报国”、文天祥的“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”等就激励了一代又:@0.118919:0.168451:0.864724:0.168451:0.864724:0.152367:0.118919:0.152367:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020105:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
一代的中国人。:@0.118919:0.193006:0.259077:0.193006:0.259077:0.176922:0.118919:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
任何东西都有两面性，政治制度也一样。新陈代谢，新因于陈。众所周知，新中:@0.159460:0.217561:0.864894:0.217561:0.864894:0.201477:0.159460:0.201477:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
国成立以前，中国是一个封建专制国家。长期的封建专制和宗法制度，使得中国人丧:@0.118919:0.242116:0.865039:0.242116:0.865039:0.226031:0.118919:0.226031:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
失独立的人格，养成人身依附，形成了由下到上的仰仗、依赖、服从或称奴性。而改:@0.118919:0.266671:0.864719:0.266671:0.864719:0.250586:0.118919:0.250586:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
造这个恶劣的政治传统和国民性，绝不是一朝一夕之事，一代代的政治家既要改造传:@0.118919:0.291225:0.864909:0.291225:0.864909:0.275141:0.118919:0.275141:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
统也不得不顺应传统。这不是利用。从坏的方面说，这种民族劣根性就不利于民主的:@0.118919:0.315780:0.865039:0.315780:0.865039:0.299696:0.118919:0.299696:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
生长，反过来说，这也为政治家实行高度集中提供了天然的土壤，也可以说是历史的:@0.118919:0.340335:0.865039:0.340335:0.865039:0.324250:0.118919:0.324250:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
惯性。所以直至今日，也还有人说中国是一个专制国家，其实不然。:@0.118919:0.364890:0.719595:0.364890:0.719595:0.348805:0.118919:0.348805:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我不是歌颂皇权，我们现在批判封建社会，但从历史上看，它毕竟比奴隶社会前:@0.159460:0.389444:0.864593:0.389444:0.864593:0.373360:0.159460:0.373360:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
进了一步。中国集中民主制度是根据国情民情来的，即使有专制或独裁表现或倾向也:@0.118919:0.413999:0.864909:0.413999:0.864909:0.397915:0.118919:0.397915:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
不足怪，马克思就说过，新社会是从旧社会脱胎出来的，它不可避免地带有那个社会:@0.118919:0.438554:0.865039:0.438554:0.865039:0.422469:0.118919:0.422469:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
的痕迹。中国没有经过资本主义的充分发展，推翻旧中国，建立新中国之后，自然也:@0.118919:0.463109:0.864879:0.463109:0.864879:0.447024:0.118919:0.447024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
不可避免地带有一些封建甚至专制的色彩。这是完全可以理解的。旧中国是一个等级:@0.118919:0.487664:0.864909:0.487664:0.864909:0.471579:0.118919:0.471579:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
社会，这种等级制度可使人人各得其所和使每个等级各安其分。类似的情况也见于这:@0.118919:0.512218:0.864909:0.512218:0.864909:0.496134:0.118919:0.496134:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
种国家的政治团体和政府机构的内部。党员对党首、民众对官员、下级对上级的服从，:@0.118919:0.536773:0.874876:0.536773:0.874876:0.520689:0.118919:0.520689:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
则出于一种习惯成自然的本性。他们把大社会里的习惯做法也搬到这个小社会里。:@0.118919:0.561328:0.839730:0.561328:0.839730:0.545243:0.118919:0.545243:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
中国几千年来的规律是，中央强大时，国家就繁荣昌盛，中央软弱时，各地就出:@0.159460:0.585883:0.865054:0.585883:0.865054:0.569798:0.159460:0.569798:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
许多许多的小皇帝，这种国强则盛国弱则乱的国情民情和历史规律，决定了中央必须:@0.118919:0.610438:0.864909:0.610438:0.864909:0.594353:0.118919:0.594353:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
采取集权体制，甚至专制。所以，在中国，领导决定一切。当然由此产生了唯唯诺诺、:@0.118919:0.634992:0.874876:0.634992:0.874876:0.618908:0.118919:0.618908:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
唯上是举等因奉此等坏习惯。但对一个统治者来说，只能两利相权取其重，两害相权:@0.118919:0.659547:0.865039:0.659547:0.865039:0.643462:0.118919:0.643462:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
取其轻了。我们看到，改革开放以后，这种文化传统已经大为削弱和减轻了。:@0.118919:0.684102:0.799685:0.684102:0.799685:0.668017:0.118919:0.668017:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
（二）儒家思想的长期熏陶和影响:@0.156757:0.710301:0.471397:0.710301:0.471397:0.692525:0.156757:0.692525:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
中国的封建社会长达二三千年，西欧从罗马文明瓦解到人文主义崛起只有:@0.159460:0.733211:0.865054:0.733211:0.865054:0.717127:0.159460:0.717127:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.020023:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.022185:0.020023
一千一百年。可能是儒家学说的中庸之道和精致的文化修养所致，使得历代王朝多次:@0.118919:0.757766:0.864909:0.757766:0.864909:0.741682:0.118919:0.741682:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
经历危难而得以重建，礼教的精神统治在长期的衰世中反而得到强化，其对正义和理:@0.118919:0.782321:0.864909:0.782321:0.864909:0.766236:0.118919:0.766236:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
想的追求长盛不衰，并且成为现代中国政治文化的道德基础。儒家学说，从孔子到董:@0.118919:0.806876:0.865039:0.806876:0.865039:0.790791:0.118919:0.790791:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
仲舒，再到程朱理学，宣扬“天赋皇权”，强调“三纲”“君君臣臣父父子子”，宣:@0.118919:0.831431:0.864719:0.831431:0.864719:0.815346:0.118919:0.815346:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020115:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020117:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020117:0.020023:0.020203:0.020023
扬“男尊女卑”，号召“存天理，灭人欲”，坚持长子继承制等等，是一种既合于当:@0.118919:0.855985:0.864975:0.855985:0.864975:0.839901:0.118919:0.839901:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020111:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020111:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020203:0.020023
时伦常又迎合统治需要的学说。中国的皇权意识产生于封建宗法的血缘家长制的基础:@0.118919:0.880540:0.864659:0.880540:0.864659:0.864456:0.118919:0.864456:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
上，以对最高权力的膜拜、依附、屈从为荣耀。在这种意识的支配下，人们会容忍甚:@0.118919:0.905095:0.864719:0.905095:0.864719:0.889010:0.118919:0.889010:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023