• 69 •:@0.847517:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.847517:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
 :@0.000973:0.067670:0.005263:0.067670:0.005263:0.051624:0.000973:0.051624:0.004291
» :@0.659223:0.071740:0.672095:0.071740:0.672095:0.055694:0.659223:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第四章 自由民主理性批判:@0.672095:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.672095:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.723582:0.073066:0.732163:0.073066:0.732163:0.057020:0.723582:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
 :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.004291
第四章  自由民主理性批判:@0.307928:0.186912:0.708287:0.186912:0.708287:0.159046:0.307928:0.159046:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324:0.011396:0.011396:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324:0.034324
一、民主不代表正确，自由民主更不会自然正确，为什么？:@0.172973:0.275295:0.767929:0.275295:0.767929:0.256978:0.172973:0.256978:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883:0.022883
从人性和人民说起:@0.175676:0.309459:0.336837:0.309459:0.336837:0.293374:0.175676:0.293374:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
—:@0.337155:0.309459:0.377200:0.309459:0.377200:0.293374:0.337155:0.293374:0.040045
人性有善也有恶，人民有好也有坏，所以民主可能为善也:@0.377344:0.309459:0.880991:0.309459:0.880991:0.293374:0.377344:0.293374:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
可能为恶:@0.135135:0.334277:0.215226:0.334277:0.215226:0.318192:0.135135:0.318192:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
—:@0.215226:0.334277:0.255271:0.334277:0.255271:0.318192:0.215226:0.318192:0.040045
当今之世，人性趋恶，管理难度普遍加大，自由民主助长了人性之恶:@0.255270:0.334277:0.841036:0.334277:0.841036:0.318192:0.255270:0.318192:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015053:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015051:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
—:@0.841037:0.334277:0.881082:0.334277:0.881082:0.318192:0.841037:0.318192:0.040045
制度设计必须以人性有善也有恶为依据，必须以“复杂的自主人”为假设:@0.135135:0.359095:0.780418:0.359095:0.780418:0.343010:0.135135:0.343010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
—:@0.780511:0.359095:0.820556:0.359095:0.820556:0.343010:0.780511:0.343010:0.040045
民主并:@0.820709:0.359095:0.881097:0.359095:0.881097:0.343010:0.820709:0.343010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
不是最好的制度，民主的天然缺陷和危险本能。:@0.135135:0.383913:0.555609:0.383913:0.555609:0.367829:0.135135:0.367829:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
（一）人性有善也有恶，人民有好也有坏，所以民主可能为善也可能为恶:@0.172973:0.410376:0.844205:0.410376:0.844205:0.392600:0.172973:0.392600:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
在这里，我说的民主既指一般意义的民主，也与自由民主是一个概念，因为在西:@0.175676:0.433550:0.880810:0.433550:0.880810:0.417465:0.175676:0.417465:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
方人的眼里，民主就是自由民主，只有自由民主才是民主。:@0.135135:0.458368:0.655721:0.458368:0.655721:0.442283:0.135135:0.442283:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
民主观一直是政治科学、社会科学、领导科学、管理科学的重要话题，也是一个:@0.175676:0.483186:0.881272:0.483186:0.881272:0.467101:0.175676:0.467101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
哲学问题。西方人总是把民主看作天然正确、理所当然的，它们的民主理论是建立在:@0.135135:0.508004:0.881255:0.508004:0.881255:0.491919:0.135135:0.491919:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
人民总是对的、人性总是善的这一假设之上的，所以他们总是从绝对意义上来使用这:@0.135135:0.532822:0.881125:0.532822:0.881125:0.516738:0.135135:0.516738:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
个词，并把它神圣化、天然化、绝对化。其实偏矣！谬矣！错矣！:@0.135135:0.557640:0.715789:0.557640:0.715789:0.541556:0.135135:0.541556:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我从来不认为民主是天然正确，理所当然的，因为这不合人性，不合逻辑。:@0.175676:0.582459:0.836420:0.582459:0.836420:0.566374:0.175676:0.566374:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
我们从人性说起。说民主一定要说人性，民主就是民情，民情离不开民性，民性:@0.175676:0.607277:0.881270:0.607277:0.881270:0.591192:0.175676:0.591192:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
就是人性。人性观是管理科学和领导科学的理论基础和逻辑起点，也是政治学的重要:@0.135135:0.632095:0.881125:0.632095:0.881125:0.616010:0.135135:0.616010:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
范畴。人性观由两大部分组成，一是人的善恶论断，二是人的类型假设。关于这个问:@0.135135:0.656913:0.881095:0.656913:0.881095:0.640828:0.135135:0.640828:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
题，读者可参阅我的《再论复杂的自主人》一文。这里我先说善恶。总的来说，我的:@0.135135:0.681731:0.880859:0.681731:0.880859:0.665647:0.135135:0.665647:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020107:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
新善恶观是：人性:@0.135135:0.706549:0.293682:0.706549:0.293682:0.690465:0.135135:0.690465:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019206:0.019206:0.020023:0.020023
—:@0.293683:0.706549:0.333728:0.706549:0.333728:0.690465:0.293683:0.690465:0.040045
人与生俱来的天性:@0.333728:0.706549:0.493908:0.706549:0.493908:0.690465:0.333728:0.690465:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
—:@0.493908:0.706549:0.533953:0.706549:0.533953:0.690465:0.493908:0.690465:0.040045
既不全善，也非全恶，也不是无善无恶，:@0.533953:0.706549:0.891093:0.706549:0.891093:0.690465:0.533953:0.690465:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
而是有善也有恶，善与恶的对立统一构成了人性。人性之于民主，我的推论很简单：:@0.135135:0.731368:0.881095:0.731368:0.881095:0.715283:0.135135:0.715283:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
既然人性有善也有恶，民主怎么可能天然正确，一贯正确？说民主代表正确、天然正:@0.135135:0.756186:0.881095:0.756186:0.881095:0.740101:0.135135:0.740101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
确、一贯正确，这既不合人性，也不合逻辑。恰如人性有善也有恶一样，民主可能为善，:@0.135135:0.781004:0.891092:0.781004:0.891092:0.764919:0.135135:0.764919:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
也可能为恶。所以我要说，民主发于人性，要止于理性。人性是很复杂的，唯其复杂，:@0.135135:0.805822:0.891092:0.805822:0.891092:0.789738:0.135135:0.789738:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
民主才要有理性、有道理、合伦理。在理性指导下的人性才可能有向善向上的人性，:@0.135135:0.830640:0.881095:0.830640:0.881095:0.814556:0.135135:0.814556:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
向善向上的人生；在理性指导下的民主，才是健康的、合伦理的、有益的民主。情感、:@0.135135:0.855459:0.891092:0.855459:0.891092:0.839374:0.135135:0.839374:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019532:0.019534:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019044:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019043:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.019041:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
情绪都应向理性低头。理性一旦被情绪征服，便会失去理智，失去理智的人自然是不:@0.135135:0.880277:0.881255:0.880277:0.881255:0.864192:0.135135:0.864192:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
明智的人了！所以我们要以理性驾驭情感，驾驭情绪，以理性节制民主，节制自由，:@0.135135:0.905095:0.880935:0.905095:0.880935:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023