• 75 •:@0.847517:0.946969:0.881079:0.946969:0.881079:0.932706:0.847517:0.932706:0.005339:0.003814:0.007628:0.007628:0.003814:0.005339
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» :@0.659223:0.071740:0.672095:0.071740:0.672095:0.055694:0.659223:0.055694:0.008581:0.004291
第四章 自由民主理性批判:@0.672095:0.072126:0.869460:0.072126:0.869460:0.058778:0.672095:0.058778:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.008581:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162:0.017162
  :@0.723582:0.073066:0.732163:0.073066:0.732163:0.057020:0.723582:0.057020:0.004291:0.004291
 :@0.869460:0.073066:0.873751:0.073066:0.873751:0.057020:0.869460:0.057020:0.004291
两手都要硬，才能不断促进人类的人性进步。俗话说，从善如登，从恶如崩，学坏容:@0.135135:0.119342:0.880935:0.119342:0.880935:0.103257:0.135135:0.103257:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
易学好难。:@0.135135:0.143897:0.235248:0.143897:0.235248:0.127812:0.135135:0.127812:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
为要充分发挥集中民主的作用，必须加强对人性的研究与利用，除了善恶两性的:@0.175676:0.168451:0.880950:0.168451:0.880950:0.152367:0.175676:0.152367:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
研究，更要加强对人的“自主性”的研究与利用。一方面要充分认识和发挥人喜欢自立、:@0.135135:0.193006:0.891092:0.193006:0.891092:0.176922:0.135135:0.176922:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013794:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.013792:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
自主、自愿、自我、自由的天性，这是保持社会活力和发展经济的基础和根本，另一方面，:@0.135135:0.217561:0.891092:0.217561:0.891092:0.201477:0.135135:0.201477:0.020023:0.020023:0.011035:0.020023:0.020023:0.011032:0.020023:0.020023:0.011035:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011035:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011032:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
要充分认识政府自身的职能，千万不要也不能限制个人发展，限制某些自由是必须的，:@0.135135:0.242116:0.891092:0.242116:0.891092:0.226031:0.135135:0.226031:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017574:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.017572:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
但尽可能不要限制个人发展，而要以促进人的自由全面发展为宗旨，又一方面，因为“自:@0.135135:0.266671:0.881081:0.266671:0.881081:0.250586:0.135135:0.250586:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011289:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011291:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011289:0.020023:0.011289:0.020023:0.020023
主”性既能助善，也能助恶，所以也要充分认识到这种复杂的自主人可能对社会的为:@0.135135:0.291225:0.881331:0.291225:0.881331:0.275141:0.135135:0.275141:0.020099:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
害和负面影响，扬善抑恶，不断促进人性的进步。既要集权，集中必要的权力以促进:@0.135135:0.315780:0.881095:0.315780:0.881095:0.299696:0.135135:0.299696:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
经济和民生发展，又要放权，放掉限制个人发展和限制地方政府积极性的权力，同样:@0.135135:0.340335:0.881255:0.340335:0.881255:0.324250:0.135135:0.324250:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
也是为了促进经济和民生发展，如此，才达到集中民主的原则和要求。要不断放权分:@0.135135:0.364890:0.881255:0.364890:0.881255:0.348805:0.135135:0.348805:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
权，如此，才能充分发挥地方和个人的主动精神，也是给个人和地方自由发展的压力。:@0.135135:0.389444:0.891092:0.389444:0.891092:0.373360:0.135135:0.373360:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.018391:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018389:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
而万万不可包揽个人的一切，那样不仅无益于个人发展，还会削弱个人的志气，最后:@0.135135:0.413999:0.881255:0.413999:0.881255:0.397915:0.135135:0.397915:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
演变为一切都仰赖国家，而成为懒人，助长了人性之恶。国家首先要要求公民自立，:@0.135135:0.438554:0.881095:0.438554:0.881095:0.422469:0.135135:0.422469:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
这才是符合人性之策，适合人性之举。:@0.135135:0.463109:0.475518:0.463109:0.475518:0.447024:0.135135:0.447024:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
有什么样的世界观，就有什么样的方法论。同样，有什么样的人性观，就会有什:@0.175676:0.487664:0.881274:0.487664:0.881274:0.471579:0.175676:0.471579:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020025:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020025:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
么样的人生观和民主观。:@0.135135:0.512218:0.355383:0.512218:0.355383:0.496134:0.135135:0.496134:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
（三）民主并不是最好的制度:@0.172973:0.538417:0.445661:0.538417:0.445661:0.520641:0.172973:0.520641:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976:0.020976
民主并不是最好的制度。希腊人创造的民主被抬得太高了。它在希腊从未取得过:@0.175676:0.561328:0.880950:0.561328:0.880950:0.545243:0.175676:0.545243:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020163:0.020023
成功，这个“西方文明的摇篮”今天依然国力衰微。西方许多著名思想家如苏格拉底、:@0.135135:0.585883:0.891092:0.585883:0.891092:0.569798:0.135135:0.569798:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.018799:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.018797:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
亚里士多德、柏拉图、都极力反对民主制。柏拉图将苏格拉底之死归罪于“暴民民主”，:@0.135135:0.610438:0.891092:0.610438:0.891092:0.594353:0.135135:0.594353:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015039:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.015037:0.020023
在《理想国》中他明确提出，民主政体之于精英政体是较差的政体。苏格拉底就经常:@0.135135:0.634992:0.881173:0.634992:0.881173:0.618908:0.135135:0.618908:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
在雅典的街上拦住年轻人说，我们怎么能让这些暴民统治我们呢？他们是一些很愚蠢:@0.135135:0.659547:0.881125:0.659547:0.881125:0.643462:0.135135:0.643462:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
的人哪！他的学生柏拉图在其享誉世界的政治学著作《理想国》中就曾论过，他认为:@0.135135:0.684102:0.881173:0.684102:0.881173:0.668017:0.135135:0.668017:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
最好的政体是“哲学王”治国，就是由那些最聪明又负责任的精英人物来当国王，而:@0.135135:0.708657:0.881175:0.708657:0.881175:0.692572:0.135135:0.692572:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020183:0.020183:0.020025:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020023
民主制和暴君制度是一起的最坏的政治制度。再后来的亚里士多德也说，一共有六种:@0.135135:0.733211:0.881125:0.733211:0.881125:0.717127:0.135135:0.717127:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020023:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
政治政体，其中最坏的就是民主制。他说，如果是一个暴君，我们可以起来推翻他，:@0.135135:0.757766:0.880935:0.757766:0.880935:0.741682:0.135135:0.741682:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020023
可是如果遍地是暴民，我们能拿他们怎么办呢？近代以来，很多人反对暴君，反对暴政，:@0.135135:0.782321:0.891092:0.782321:0.891092:0.766236:0.135135:0.766236:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.011715:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023:0.020023
讲究主权在民，很多思想家也认为人民应当享有各种权力，对国家享有主动权，但很:@0.135135:0.806876:0.881255:0.806876:0.881255:0.790791:0.135135:0.790791:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
少有人主张民主制。英国的思想家弥尔顿是坚定反对暴君制的，但讲到民主制，他却:@0.135135:0.831431:0.881257:0.831431:0.881257:0.815346:0.135135:0.815346:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020024:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
认为万万不能这么干。洛克也讲要保护人民的人身财产自由等各种权力，但提到民主:@0.135135:0.855985:0.881125:0.855985:0.881125:0.839901:0.135135:0.839901:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023:0.020173:0.020183:0.020173:0.020173:0.020173:0.020023
制，他也认为很恶心。还有法国的思想家孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、卢梭等也是，他们虽然:@0.135135:0.880540:0.880935:0.880540:0.880935:0.864456:0.135135:0.864456:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023
有许多光辉的启蒙思想，但说起民主制却并不是完全赞成的，就连写《社会契约论》:@0.135135:0.905095:0.881171:0.905095:0.881171:0.889010:0.135135:0.889010:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020020:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020023:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020183:0.020101:0.020023