Page 9 - A Study on the Role of UGC Platforms in Copyright Law：An Intermediary-oriented Approach
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4.4.2 The application of the non-commercial UGC access levy scheme 110
4.4.3 The practicability and necessity of the non-commercial UGC access levy scheme 116
4.5 Conclusions 118
Chapter 5 Formulating a Non-commercial UGC
Creation Levy Scheme 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Uncertain Copyright Status of UGC Creation: Tension between
Intermediary-oriented Regime and Decentralised Content Production 120
5.2.1 Blurred boundary of fair use/dealing 120
5.2.2 Difficulty to enter into copyright licences 125
5.3 Alternative Approach to UGC Creation 126
5.3.1 Pay-per-view encryption system 126
5.3.2 Voluntary abandonment 127
5.3.3 Permitted-but-paid rules 127
5.4 Non-commercial UGC Creation Levy Scheme 131
5.4.1 Tailored to the democratisation of re-creating content and making content
available to the public 132
5.4.2 Without conflicting with the normal exploitation of copyrighted works 134
5.4.3 Fair remuneration to copyright owners 140
5.4.4 Social and cultural justification of the non-commercial UGC creation levy
scheme 143
5.4.5 Possible criticism: Cross-subsidisation 144
5.5 Application of the Non-commercial UGC Creation Levy 146
5.5.1 Levies to be imposed on services and devices 146
5.5.2 Criteria for collecting and distributing levies 148
5.5.3 Collective management organizations for collecting and distributing levies 150
5.6 Conclusions 154
Chapter 6 UGC Platforms’ Entitlement to UGCs 155
6.1 Introduction: A UGC Platform as a Quasi-producer of UGCs 155
6.2 UGC Platforms’ Entitlement to UGCs 157
6.2.1 Copyrightability and authorship of UGCs 157
