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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

prehensive restructuring of their energy industries, vigorously promoted the optimization and
upgrading of energy structures, and focused on enhancing energy utilization efficiency.
In terms of energy structure adjustment, numerous national governments have sig-
nificantly increased R&D funding for renewable energy, attracting top scientific talents to
engage in the development of new energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass
through establishing special research funds and constructing national-level renewable energy
research centers. Concurrently, they have introduced a series of incentive policies, including
tax exemptions and loan incentives for enterprises investing in renewable energy projects,
actively promoting the increased proportion of new energy in energy production and con-
sumption structures. Some countries have also implemented mandatory quota systems for
renewable power generation, requiring electricity enterprises to produce and transmit renew-
able energy electricity according to specified proportions, thereby driving the rapid develop-
ment of new energy industries such as solar photovoltaic power generation and wind power
generation.
In terms of improving energy efficiency, countries have established stricter industrial
energy consumption standards, rigorously limiting indicators such as energy consumption
intensity and per-unit product energy consumption for industrial enterprises, while imple-
menting regular energy consumption monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. For enterprises
failing to meet energy standards, measures such as mandatory rectification within dead-
lines and imposition of high energy taxes are enforced. In the construction sector, stringent
building energy conservation codes have been formulated and implemented, specifying
clearer and higher requirements for building insulation performance, lighting system energy
consumption, and HVAC system efficiency across all phases from architectural design and
construction to operational use. The promotion of new energy-saving building materials,
such as wallsmaterialswith superior thermal insulation properties and energy-efficient doors/
windows, encourages the development of green energy-efficient buildings, driving societal
transition toward a low-carbon model through these measures.
(2) Stage of Negotiation Games and Policy Adjustments (Focusing on Post-Kyoto
Protocol Arrangements and the Copenhagen Conference, etc.)
As the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol drew to a close, subsequent emis-
sionreduction arrangementsIt became the central focus of international attention. In 2007,
parties adopted the “Bali Roadmap” in Bali, Indonesia, which aimed to lay the foundation
for the Copenhagen Conference in December 2009 to address key issues including devel-
oped countries’ emission reduction commitments after the expiration of the first commitment
period of the Kyoto Protocol. However, during this period, numerous disagreements emerged
between developed and developing countries in the negotiation process.
Regarding mid-term emission reduction targets, developing countries, based on
principles of equity and their sustainable development needs, advocate that developed nations
should reduce emissions by at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2020. This stance is rooted

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