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Chapter II Evidence for Global Climate Change

High-frequency observation data from sensors such as MODIS and VIIRS (Visible Infrared
Imaging Radiometer Suite) reveal vegetation growth cycles, productivity variations, and
land-use conversions. This holds significant importance for agricultural management, forest
resource conservation, and carbon cycle research.
In summary, satellite remote sensing technology provides extensive and in-depth sup-
port for global climate change research. With advantages including global coverage, high
spatiotemporal resolution, and multi-parameter measurement capabilities, satellite obser-
vations have become an indispensable data source. In the future, with the development of
new-generation satellite platforms and technologies, we are expected to obtain more detailed
and accurate climate variable information, further deepening our understanding of global
climate change. Meanwhile, the integration of satellite data with other ground-based obser-
vation networks will establish a more comprehensive climate monitoring system, providing a
solid scientific foundation for addressing climate change challenges.

II. Long-term Records of Ground Weather Station Networks

Ground-based meteorological station networks are a crucial component of the global
climate observation system, providing long-term climate data series that are essential for as-
sessing climate change trends. These stations are distributed worldwide across various geo-
graphical environments, from urban areas to remote regions, ensuring comprehensive and
representative climate monitoring. Through analysis of data spanning multiple years or even
decades, scientists can identify changing patterns in key climate variables such as tempera-
ture, precipitation, and wind speed, while revealing the profound impacts of human activities
on the climate system.
(1) Data Collection and Network Deployment
Ground meteorological stations measure atmospheric parameters through a series of
standardized instruments, such as thermometers, rain gauges, anemometers, and humidity
sensors. International collaborative programs exist, such as the World Meteorological Orga-
nization (WMO)’s Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), which aim to coordinate me-
teorological observation activities across nations and ensure data consistency and reliability.
Additionally, some historically significant weather stations have accumulated over a century
of data, providing valuable resources for studying long-term climate changes. For example,
theUniversity of Oxford Radcliffe Meteorological Station has recorded daily weather condi-
tions since 1767, becoming one of the world’s oldest continuously operating weather obser-
vation stations.
(II) Temperature Change Trends
Temperature is one of the most closely monitored climate variables. Long-term tem-
perature records from surface weather stations reveal a pronounced warming trend. Accord-
ing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, the global average
surface temperature has risen by approximately 1.1°C since the Industrial Revolution. This

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