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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

tion stations in remote areas cannot accurately capture subtle changes in atmospheric initial
states. This uncertainty in initial conditions gradually accumulates during long-term climate
change predictions, leading to increased uncertainty in forecast results.
To reduce uncertainties in climate change projections, improving the physical processes
in models is one of the key initiatives. Researchers need to deeply investigate the intrinsic
mechanisms of various physical processes within the climate system and continuously re-
fine their representations in models. In cloud physics studies, by conducting extensive field
observation experiments and numerical simulations, more accurate cloud microphysical
parameters can be obtained to enhance cloud parameterization schemes, enabling models to
better reflect cloud radiative effects and precipitation processes. For heat and mass exchange
processes between the atmosphere and oceans, further research on their complex coupling
mechanisms is required to develop more precise coupled models and improve simulations of
ocean-atmosphere interactions. Additionally, in studies of terrestrial ecosystem-climate inter-
actions, incorporating more biogeochemical processes - such as vegetation’s impact on car-
bon cycles and soil respiration - will help refine land surface models and enhance simulation
accuracy of land-atmosphere feedback mechanisms.
Enhancing model resolution is also a crucial approach to reducing uncertainties.
High-resolution models can delineate the spatial structure and variation characteristics of the
climate system in greater detail, minimizing averaging errors caused by coarse grid scales.
With the rapid advancement of computer technology and increasing computational resourc-
es, improving model resolution has become feasible. In global climate models, elevating
horizontal resolution from the originalhundred-kilometerscale to tens of kilometers or even
several kilometers enables more accurate simulation of terrain impacts on climate, such as
mountain blockage and uplift effects on airflow, and coastal land-sea breeze formation. In
regional climate models, higher resolution better captures complex regional climate features
and extreme weather events, including urban heat island effects and localized severe convec-
tive weather. By increasing resolution, models can more authentically reflect climatic system
details, thereby reducing uncertainties and improving prediction accuracy.

VII. International Cooperation and Resource Requirements for Climate
Change Research

Climate change is a global issue, and its impacts transcend national boundaries, making
international collaboration crucial in climate change research. The World Climate Research
Programme (WCRP) stands as one of the key mechanisms and platforms for international
cooperative efforts in this field. Established in 1980, WCRP aims to coordinate and advance
climate research efforts worldwide, through integrating scientific research capabilities from
various countries to collectively address key scientific challenges in climate change. The
programme encompasses multiple research areas, including the physical, chemical, and bio-
logical processes of the climate system; detection and attribution of climate change; and pro-

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