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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

face challenges during implementation, including coordination issues between different poli-
cies, high implementation costs of certain measures, and difficulties in international coopera-
tion coordination, which require continuous optimization and improvement.

III. Case Studies of Emission Reduction Measures and Technology
Applications in Developed Countries

In the global efforts to actively address climate change, developed countries, leveraging
their advanced technological reserves, substantial financial strength, and rich management
experience, have actively exploredemission reductionand implemented a series of effective
measures in the sector, widely applying cutting-edge technologies, contributing valuable ex-
perience and exemplary models to global sustainable development.
(1) Energy Transition Sector
The Netherlands has set an exemplary model in energy transition, achieving remarkable
accomplishments. According to the “Netherlands 2024: Energy Policy Review” report re-
leased by the International Energy Agency, the country has made significant progress in en-
ergy structure adjustment since 2018. The solar and wind energy industries have experienced
rapid development, which has powerfully driven emission reduction in the power sector,
successfully halving greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation. Meanwhile, the
electrification process in end-use sectors is steadily advancing, providing strong support for
achieving overall emission reduction targets. Although fossil fuels still play a crucial role in
the Dutch energy system—with nearly half of its electricity generation coming from natural
gas and coal, building heating primarily relying on natural gas, and the transportation sector
predominantly using petroleum products—the Netherlands has not slowed its energy transi-
tion efforts. Instead, it has established extremely ambitious development goals.
The Netherlands’ National Energy System Plan clearly states that the electricity supply
will quadruple by 2050. To achieve this goal, the Netherlands will vigorously deploy
renewable energy sources, further consolidating its leading position in solarphotovoltaic
and wind energyIn offshore windpower projectsthe Netherlands plans to increase its
offshore wind power installed capacity from the current approximately 5 gigawatts (GW)
to a substantial 70 gigawatts (GW) by 2050. The realization of this goal requires not only
the establishment of a stable long-term development framework to attract substantial capital
investment and professional technical talent, but also close coordination with hydrogen
production infrastructure. In the future energy system, hydrogen as a clean and efficient
energy carrier will play significant roles in energy storage, industrial production, and
transportation sectors. To overcome grid limitations in power transmission and distribution,
and attract more private capital to renewable energy projects, the Dutch government is
taking proactive measures through implementing the National Grid Congestion Action Plan,
collaborating closely with various industry stakeholders to jointly address grid bottlenecks
encountered during new project development. In renewable energy-dominatedelectricity

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