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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

significant acceleration. Among European countries, Denmarkin zero-carbon emissionpublic
transport development stands out, with electric buses accounting for 78% of total bus sales,
ranking first in Europe. Luxembourg and the Netherlandshave also achieved notable ze-
ro-carbon emissionpublic transport sales proportions of approximately two-thirds.
As early as February 2019, the European Parliament passed the Green Procurement
Act, which explicitly stipulates that by 2025, at least 25% of newly procured public transport
vehicles in member states must bezero-carbon emissionvehicles. The implementation of this
legislation provides European countries withdevelopment of zero-carbon emissionIt provides
clear policy guidance and legal constraints for public transport. In the EU, 25% of green-
house gas emissions come from the transportation sector, with road transport accounting for
71.7% of carbon emissions within the sector. To achieve emission reduction goals, the EU
has prioritized the development of clean public transport systems as a key initiative, contin-
uously increasingsupport for zero carbon emissionbuses. For example, the European Invest-
ment Bank and the French Public Bank jointly established a Clean Bus Shared Investment
Platform, dedicated to funding public transport energy transition projects in France, facili-
tating the French public transport industry’s shifttoward zero carbon emissions. In 2020, the
German government introduced a significant policy offering financial subsidies for 80% of
electric buses. This measure greatly boosted German public transport operators’ enthusiasm
for purchasing electric buses, accelerating the electrification of Germany’s public transport
system. Poland also announced €290 million in subsidies, requiring cities with populations
exceeding 100,000 to achieve fully zero-carbon public transportvehicles by 2030.emissions,
promoting the transformation of urban public transportation towards green and low-carbon
directions through policy guidance and financial support.

IV. Effectiveness Evaluation and Lessons Learned from Climate Policies
in Developed Countries

From the effectivenessevaluation perspective, some developed countries have made cer-
tain progress in achieving emission reduction targets. Taking the EU as an example, through
a series of policy measures such as the implementation of the Emissions Trading System (EU
ETS), a certain degree of greenhouse gas reduction has been achieved within specific time
periods. According to relevant statistics, during the initial phase of the EU ETS operation,
the total carbon emissions in covered industries showed a decline. Some enterprises actively
invested in energy-saving and emission reduction technologiesemission technologiesR&D
and equipment upgrades to reduce carbon emission costs, driving green transformation
in industries. Regarding energy structure optimization, some developed countries have
achieved remarkable results. Germany vigorously developed renewable energy by enacting
the Renewable Energy Act, establishing a comprehensive subsidy mechanism that has pro-
gressively increased the proportion of solar, wind, and other renewable energies in its energy
consumption structure. By 2024, Germany’s renewable energygeneration accounted forThe

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