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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

carbon sinks, the stability and expansion of forest areas are vital for absorbing atmospheric
carbon dioxide and mitigating climate change. Brazil’s forest protection policies have pre-
served the forests’carbon sequestration function, contributing to global efforts to address
climate change.
In terms of industrial pollution control, Brazil has also implemented stringent
environmental regulations. The government has established strict pollutant emission
standards for industrial enterprises, requiring them to install compliant pollution treatment
equipment; otherwise, production activities will be prohibited. This regulation compels
industries to increase their investments in environmental protection. Companies must
allocate funds to purchase advanced pollution treatment equipment and improve production
processes to meet governmental environmental requirements. For example, some Brazilian
steel enterprises have adopted advanced desulfurization and denitrification technologies to
treat exhaust gases generated during production, reducing emissions of pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide (SO ) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Simultaneously, companies continue to
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explore new production processes to enhance energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
However, the implementation of environmental regulations in developing countries
faces numerous challenges. On one hand, developing countries generally have limited
regulatory capacity. Due to their relatively low level of economic development, investment
in environmental supervision is insufficient, lacking professional regulatory personnel
and advanced monitoring equipment. This makes it difficult for governments to conduct
comprehensive and effective oversight of the vast number of enterprises. Some businesses
may exploit regulatory loopholes, engaging in non-compliant emissions, which significantly
undermines the effectiveness of environmental regulations. On the other hand, overly
stringent environmental regulations may exert a restraining effect on the economic
development of developing countries. Many enterprises in developing countries, particularly
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in their early stages of development, have
relatively weak financial and technical capabilities. Excessive environmental protection
requirements mean that enterprises need to invest substantial funds in the construction
of environmental protection facilities and technological upgrades, which may pose an
unbearable burden for these businesses. Some enterprises may face the risk of closure due to
their inability to meet environmental standards, which would not only affect the employment
of their workers but also have negative impacts on local economic growth.
(3) Carbon MarketMechanism
Some developing countries have begun actively exploringCarbon Marketmechanism’s
application in addressing climate change. TheNational Carbon Emission AllowanceTrading
Market established by China serves as a typical example. In this market, enterprises included
in the trading system receive a certain quantity of carbon emission allowances. If an enter-
prise’s actual carbon emissions during production are lower than its allocated allowances, it

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