Page 35 - Research on Financial Development Mechanism and Path of Forestry Carbon Sequestration in Developing Countries under Double Carbon Targets

Chapter 1 Carbon Asset Management Practice

cific evaluation standards on the existing standards. Therefore, rapid, large-scale and
systematic evaluation of the characteristic processes and products in complex industrial
production is the only way for further development of carbon footprint assessment.
3) Carbon footprint assessment criteria
In 1998, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environ-
ment Programme jointly established the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Invento-
ries were first published in 1995. They provide methodological basis for countries to
prepare national inventories. They belong to the simplified version of the “top-down”
method, which only uses national energy supply data to calculate CO2 emissions from
the combustion of major fossil fuels. After several revisions, the latest version is the
2019 version.
At present, the current international product carbon footprint assessment standards
are all based on the LCA method, and there are mainly three: the Assessment Specifi-
cation for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Life Cycle of Products and Services (PAS
2050-2011), the Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (GHG Proto-
col—2011) and the Technical Specification for Requirements and Guidance on Quan-
tification and Communication of Product Carbon Footprint (ISO14067—2013). The
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued ISO14040 and ISO14044
in 2006, which provided the basic framework structure and concept for the LCA meth-
od. Based on ISO14040 and ISO14044, the British Standards Institute (BSI) jointly
released the PAS2050 and PAS2050 guide in 2008, which is the first standard for as-
sessing the carbon footprint of products in the world. The revised standard was revised
in 2011. The revised standard has stronger pertinence and wider application scope.
GHG Protocol was originally released by the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) and the World Resources Institute (WRI) in 1999. It has gone
through the 2001 and 2004 editions. Based on ISO standards on LCA and the initial
version of PAS2050, the latest edition was revised and released in 2011. Compared
with PAS2050, the operation steps of GHG Protocol are more detailed and clear.
Based on the experience of the above standards, ISO14067 was released in 2013
and reviewed in May 2016. It is the latest international standard for carbon footprint
assessment. The release and implementation of this standard has further expanded the
global influence of product carbon footprint assessment. Based on international stan-
dards such as ISO14067, many carbon footprint assessment methods for specific prod-
uct categories have been extended. For example, there are more than 150 valid product

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