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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

flue gas with higher CO2 concentration for easier subsequent capture.
（4）Carbon utilization: Captured CO2 can be used for various industrial applications
to create additional value. ① Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Injects CO2 into aging oil
fields to increase oil recovery while achieving partial sequestration. ② Building materials:
Uses CO2 to produce concrete or other construction materials, reducing the carbon footprint
of cement production and fixing CO2. ③ Chemical products: CO2 serves as raw material
for producing chemicals, plastics, and fuels.
（5）Carbon sequestration: For CO2 that cannot be immediately utilized, it needs to be
securely stored in deep underground geological formations to ensure long-term stability. 不
Leakage. ① Geological Storage: Selecting suitable geological formations such as depleted
oil and gas fields or saline aquifers as storage sites. These locations possess effective sealing
properties to prevent CO from escaping back into the atmosphere. ② Ocean Storage: While
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theoretically feasible, this method remains in the research phase and faces numerous techni-
cal and environmental risks.
(II) Existing Projects and Case Studies
Numerous successful Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) projects world-
wide have demonstrated the technology’s application potential. These projects not only val-
idate CCUS feasibility but also provide valuable experience and technical support for future
large-scale implementation. Below are several representative CCUS projects and their de-
tailed information.
1.Norway’s Sleipner Project
(1) Background
Since 1996, Statoil (now Equinor) has implemented a CO storage program at the
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Sleipner gas field in the North Sea. This project, one of the world’s earliest large-scale CCUS
initiatives, aims to reduce emissions of CO separated from natural gas extracted from the
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seabed.
(2) Implementation
①Carbon Capture: The natural gas produced at the Sleipner field contains approxi-
mately 9% CO . To comply with stringent European environmental regulations, Statoil de-
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veloped a highly efficient pre-combustion capture system capable of isolating high-concen-
tration CO from the natural gas stream.
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②Carbon Storage: The separated CO is compressed into liquid form and transported
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via dedicated pipelines to the Utsira Sand Formation—a porous rock layer located approxi-
mately 1,000 meters underground—for storage. This geological formation offers vast storage
capacity and excellent sealing properties, ensuring secure long-term CO containment.
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③Monitoring and Research: To ensure the safety and effectiveness of the storage pro-
cess, Statoil established a comprehensive monitoring system incorporating advanced tech-
nologies such as seismic wave detection and geophysical modeling. Additionally, extensive
scientific research was conducted to assess the storage’s impact on geological structures and

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