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Chapter V Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% compared to 1990 levels by 2030. To
achieve this, EU member states have implemented proactive measures, including vigorously
developing renewable energy to increase its share in the energy consumption mix; enhancing
energy efficiency through strict standards for industries, buildings, and transportation sectors;
and advancingCarbon MarketDevelopment of the carbon market, incentivizing enterprises
to reduce carbon emissions through market mechanisms. Additionally, developed countries
bear the crucial obligation of providing financial and technological support to developing
nations. Financially, developed countries have established specialized climate funds, such
as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), offering billions of dollars in annual assistance to devel-
oping countries to support climate change mitigation projects, including renewable energy
development, energy-saving and emission reduction technologiesapplication,climate-resil-
ient infrastructure development. Technologically, developed countries disseminate advanced
energy-saving and emission reduction technologiesand climate adaptation technologiesto
developing nations through technology transfers and collaborative research initiatives, en-
hancing developing countries’ capacity to address climate challenges.
Although developing countries bear relatively smaller historical emission responsibili-
ties, they have actively engaged in global climate governance actions as global climate issues
become increasingly severe. Developing countries need to formulate emission reduction tar-
gets that align with their national conditions based on their economic development levels, re-
source endowments, and social development needs. When setting emission reduction targets,
developing countries typically adopt a step-by-step strategy to gradually transition toward a
low-carbon economy. Taking China as an example, its Nationally Determined Contribution
proposes that by 2030, CO2 emissions per unit of GDP will decrease by over 65% compared
to 2005 levels, while non-fossil energy sources will account for approximately 25% of pri-
mary energy consumption. To achieve these goals, China has accelerated the phasing out of
outdated production capacities in industrial restructuring, promoted green upgrades in tradi-
tional industries, and vigorously developed strategic emerging industries such as new energy,
new materials, and energy conservation/environmental protection. In optimizing its energy
structure, China has intensified the development and utilization of renewable and clean ener-
gy sources including solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear power while improving energy efficien-
cy. Regarding ecological protection and restoration, the country has strengthened forest re-
source conservation, advanced large-scale land greening initiatives, and enhancedEcosystem

Carbon Sink Capacity。
(3) Scientific Assurance of Policy Objectives
The primary task is to conduct comprehensive and refined accounting of the current
status of national greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissionsources are wide-
lydistributed across energy activities, industrial production processes, agricultural activities,
land-use change, forestry, and other sectors. In the energy sector, detailed statistics must be
collected on carbon emissions from the extraction, processing, conversion, and consumption

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