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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

For service-oriented developed countries, their economic growth models exhibit signif-
icant differences compared to developing countries. In these nations, sectors such as trans-
portation and construction have become focal points of energy consumption. In the transpor-
tation sector, accelerated urbanization and improved living standards have driven continuous
growth in private vehicle ownership, resulting in increasingly severe road congestion issues
and consequent substantial increases in energy consumption andcarbon emissionsIn the
construction sector, large commercial buildings and residential housing demonstrate enor-
mous demand for heating, cooling, and daily electricity usage. Therefore, these countries’
emission reductionpoliciesFocus on optimizing transportation modes and promoting green
building standards. In transportation, governments are increasing investments in public
transit systems, developing efficient and convenient metro, light rail, BRT networks, and
improving service quality and coverage to encourage public transit usage. Concurrently,
stringent vehicle exhaust emission standards are established, incentivizing automakers to
develop low-emission and new energy vehicles. Policies such as purchase subsidies and tax
incentives are implemented to boost the adoption of new energy vehicles. In construction,
green building regulations and standards mandate new buildings to meet energy-saving and
environmental benchmarks. Energy-efficient windows, high-performance insulation mate-
rials, solarphotovoltaic panels, etc.,and other green building technologies and products are
promoted to enhance energy efficiency and reduce building energy consumption andcarbon
emissions.。
(2) This aligns with the policy orientation of international commitments.
International commitments in national emission reductionpoliciesPolicy orientation
aligned with international commitments plays a non-negligible guiding role in the formu-
lation process of national emission reduction policies. The Paris Agreement, as a crucial
milestone in global climate governance, has set common and far-reaching climate goals for
nations worldwide: to pursue efforts to limit the global temperature increase to well below 2°C
above pre-industrial levels, and to strive to limit the temperature rise to 1.5°C. To achieve
this ambitious goal, countries have successively formulatedand submitted Nationally Deter-
mined Contributions (NDC) plans to the international community based on the principle of
“Common but Differentiated Responsibilities”. These plans explicitly outline national emis-
sion reduction targets for specific periods and the concrete action measures to be taken to
achieve these objectives.
Developed countries, having long been in the industrialization stage throughout history,
extensively consumed fossil fuels and emitted massive amounts of greenhouse gases, bear-
ing primary responsibility for global climate change. Consequently, developed nations are
assigned more formidable tasks in emission reduction. In setting emission reduction targets,
developed countries must demonstrate greater determination and courage by committing to
achieve substantial greenhouse gas reductions within specified future periods. Taking the
European Union as an example, it has established rigorous emission reduction goals, aiming

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