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Chapter 8 Climate Change and Future Prospects

has increasingly emphasized implementation and supervision. A periodic assessment
mechanism for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) has been established to
evaluate national mitigationemission reduction progressconduct reviews to ensure countries
fulfill their emission reduction commitments. The influence of some emerging economies
in multilateral climate cooperation has gradually increased. China has achieved notable
results in the research, development, and application of renewable energy technologies,
actively promoting the “Belt and Road” Green Development initiative by providing clean
energy project support to countries along the routes, and playing an increasingly pivotal
leadership role in international climate cooperation. Developing countries have grown more
united in multilateral negotiations, collectively advocating for financial and technological
support from developed nations to steer global climate governance toward a fairer and more
equitable direction.
Bilateral cooperation mechanisms are also continuously innovating and developing.
Some countries engage in bilateral climate cooperation based on geopolitical and economic
interests. The United States and Canada have implemented joint energy transition projects
in North America, co-investing in cross-border wind and solar power generation facilities to
promote regional integration and utilization of renewable energy. Several developed coun-
tries are enhancing developing nations’ climate resilience through bilateral partnerships.
Germany and India have collaborated in green city development, with Germany providing
advanced urban planning concepts and energy-saving technologies to support India’s sus-
tainable urban construction, while German enterprises expand their business in the Indian
market, achieving mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. Technology transfer has become
crucial in bilateral cooperation. Developed countries transfer advanced energy-saving,
emission-reduction technologies, and climate change adaptation technologies to developing
nations, fostering green development in these countries while creating new market opportu-
nities for their own enterprises.
As climate change issues become increasingly urgent, international climate cooperation
is no longer confined to traditional environmental domains but has become deeply integrated
with trade, investment, technology, and other fields. Countries now consider products’ car-
bon footprints when formulating trade policies to promote green trade development. In the
investment sector, more capital is flowing into green industries such as renewable energy and
environmental protection technologies. Scientific collaboration has also emerged as a new
focal point in international climate cooperation, with nations jointly conducting climate-re-
lated scientific research projects, sharing research outcomes, and providing technological
support for global climate governance.

III. Climate Change Reshapes Geopolitical Power Structures

Climate change is subtly altering the relative power and influence between nations,
reshaping geopolitical power configurations while driving the rise of emerging forces and

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