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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

energy efficiency, andforest carbon sinks, etc.fields. It not only provides financial and techni-
cal support to developing countries but also offers low-cost emission reduction pathways for
developed nations.
3. Joint Implementation Mechanism (JI)
The Joint Implementation Mechanism allows developed countries to achieve emission
reduction targets through cooperative projects. Similar to CDM, JI projects also involve re-
newable energy, energy efficiency, andforest carbon sinks, etc.fields, but its primary purpose
is to facilitate technological cooperation and experience sharing among developed countries.
4. Implementation Outcomes and Limitations
The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol has achieved certain results, but its limita-
tions have gradually become apparent. First, the Kyoto Protocol set emission reduction tar-
gets only for developed countries without specifying concrete requirements for developing
nations, which to some extent weakened the synergistic effects of global emission reduction.
Second, the emission reduction targets of the Kyoto Protocol were relatively conservative
and failed to adequately addressthe urgency of climate change. Additionally, as majoremit-
ting countriessuch as the United States did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, its global influence
was constrained. Nevertheless, as a milestone in global climate governance, the Kyoto Proto-
col laid the foundation for the development of subsequent international climate agreements.
(II) The Paris Agreement: A New Chapter in Global Climate Governance
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty adopted in 2015 by the
Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
It aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels through
global cooperation, while pursuing efforts to restrict the increase to 1.5°C. The agreement
marks a new phase in global climate governance, with core features including “Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDCs)”, “Enhanced Transparency Framework”, and “Long-term
Goals”.
1. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
The “Nationally Determined Contributions” mechanism forms the core of the Paris
Agreement, allowing countries to formulate and submit emission reduction targets and ac-
tion plans based on their national circumstances and development stages. This mechanism
embodies the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”, respecting national
development needs while enhancing the flexibility and inclusiveness of global emission re-
duction efforts. As of 2023, over 190 countries have submitted NDCs, covering more than
90% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
The flexibility of NDCs is reflected in their allowance for countries to set emission re-
duction targets and action plans based on their specific circumstances. For example, some
developed countries have established absolute emission reduction targets, while some de-
veloping countries have set relative emission reduction targets or emission intensity targets.
Additionally, NDCs encompass various mitigation measures, including energy transition,

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