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Chapter V Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation

industrial upgrading, forest conservation andcarbon captureand storage (CCS).
[2] Transparency Framework
The “Transparency Framework” represents a significant innovation in the “Paris Agree-
ment”, aiming to ensure transparency and credibility of national emission reduction actions
through establishing unified reporting and review mechanisms. According to the “Paris
Agreement”, countries must regularly submit greenhouse gas emission data and reduction-
progressreports, and undergo international review. This mechanism not only enhances the
transparency of national mitigation actions but also provides the international community
with a basis for supervision and evaluation.
The core components of the Transparency Framework include “National Reports” and
“International Assessment and Review”. National Reports require countries to annually sub-
mit greenhouse gas emission data and reductionprogressThe transparency framework also
includes “international assessment and review,” conducted by subsidiary bodies under the
Paris Agreement, to examine and evaluate national reports. Additionally, the framework re-
quires countries to establish domestic monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems
to ensure the credibility of their mitigation actions.
【3】 Long-term Goals
The “Long-term Goals” represent another critical feature of the Paris Agreement, ex-
plicitly aiming to limit the global average temperature increase to well below 2°C and pursue
efforts to restrict it to 1.5°C. This goal reflects the international consensus on the urgency of
climate action and provides a foundation for nations to develop long-term mitigationstrate-
giesand direction. To achieve this, the Paris Agreement mandates that countries update their
NDCs every five years after 2020, progressively enhancing their emission reduction targets.
【4】 Implementation Effectiveness and Challenges
While the Paris Agreement establishes a global framework for climatemitigation,the
current ambition of national NDCs remains insufficient to meet the 2°C target, let alone
the 1.5°C goal. According to assessments by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), global NDCs’ mitigationeffortsfall short of aligning with the 2°C pathway.emission
reduction efforts can onlylimit global temperature rise to around 2.7°C, far exceeding the
goals of the *Paris Agreement*.
Furthermore, the implementation of international climate agreements faces challeng-
es in funding and technology transfer. Although the *Paris Agreement* requires developed
countries to provide $100 billion annually in climate finance to developing countries post-
2020, actual fund disbursement remains insufficient. Additionally, developing countries
continue to encounter obstacles in technology access and capacity building, which constrain
their ability to participate in global emission reduction efforts.
Finally, the implementation of international climate agreements also confronts political
and economic challenges. Climate change is a global and long-term issue requiring nations
to compromise on political and economic interests. However, some countries still have diver-

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