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Chapter V Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation

should enhance capacity-building efforts to improve developing countries’ ability to partici-
pate in global emission reduction initiatives.
【3】 Strengthen Political and Economic Cooperation
The international community must deepen political and economic cooperation to ad-
vance global climate governance. Countries need to strengthen communication and coordi-
nation on climate issues, particularly regarding energy policies, trade rules, and industrial
standards. Furthermore, multilateral mechanisms should be leveraged to institutionalize and
standardize global climate governance.
In summary, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are the core mechanism of
the Paris Agreement, aiming to promote the implementation of global climate governance
through countries formulating and submitting emission reduction targets and action plans
based on their national conditions. When developing NDCs, countries need to compre-
hensively consider factors such as national conditions and development stages, economic
structure and energy systems, climate change impacts and vulnerabilities, as well as interna-
tional cooperation and financial support. The implementation of NDCs involves policies and
measures across multiple domains including energy transition, industrial upgrading, forest
conservation,carbon captureand storage (CCS). Although the implementation of NDCs faces
numerous challenges, their role in global climate governance remains irreplaceable. Future
research should further explore the implementation effectiveness and challenges of NDCs,
formulate scientifically sound emission reduction strategies tailored to different countries’
conditions and development stages, and provide scientific foundations for global climate
governance.

III. The Importance of Transboundary Cooperation

Climate change is a global issue, with impacts that transcend national boundaries
and affect ecosystems, economic systems, and social structures in all aspects. Therefore,
cross-border cooperation plays an irreplaceable and critical role in addressing climate
change. Whether mitigating climate change or adapting to its impacts, unilateral efforts by
individual nations yield limited results. The international community must collaborate to col-
lectively confront this global challenge.
(1) The Necessity of Cross-Border Cooperation
The impacts of climate change are global and long-term, leaving no nation immune to
its effects.
First, greenhouse gas emissions are global in nature, and their atmospheric accumula-
tion disregards national borders. For instance, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO )
2
and methane (CH ) persist in the atmosphere for extended periods, with their concentration
4
changes serving as primary drivers of global climate change. Consequently, reducing green-
house gas emissions requires worldwide collective efforts, as emission reduction actions by
individual countries aredifficult tofundamentally resolve the issue.

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