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Chapter V Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation

4. International Cooperation and Financial Support
When formulating their NDCs, countries must also consider the potential for interna-
tional cooperation and financial support. Developed countries generally commit to providing
financial and technological support to developing nations to assist them in achieving their
emission reduction targets. For instance, the European Union and Japan explicitly state in
their NDCs that they will support developing countries’ mitigation efforts through interna-
tional cooperation and technology transfer. Meanwhile, developing countries emphasize the
importance of financial and technological support in their NDCs and urge developed nations
to fulfill their financial commitments.
(B) Implementation and Fulfillment of NDCs
After submitting their NDCs, countries need to ensure the achievement of their emis-
sion reduction targets through domestic policies and action plans. The implementation of
NDCs involves policies and measures across multiple sectors, including energy transition,
industrial upgrading, forest conservation andcarbon captureand storage (CCS), among oth-
ers.
1. Energy Transition
Energy transition is one of the core measures for achieving NDCs’ emission reduction
targets. By developing renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and reducing fossil
fuel use, countries promote the decarbonization of energy systems. For example, Germany
set a target in its NDCs to achieve a 65% share of renewable energy by 2030and accelerated
the development of renewable energy through policy support and technological innovation.
China set a target in its NDCs to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and promoted energy tran-
sition and industrial upgrading through its “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” strategy.
2. Industrial Upgrading
Industrial upgrading is another crucial measure for achieving the NDCs’ emission re-
duction targets. Countries promote the transformation and upgrading of energy-intensive
and high-emission industries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the United
States has set a goal in its NDCs to reduce industrial emissions by 30% by 2030, and drives
low-carbon manufacturing through technological innovation and policy support. India has
set a target in its NDCs to reduce industrial emission intensity by 30-35% by 2030, and pro-
motes green industrial development by adopting clean production technologies and improv-
ing energy efficiency.
3. Forest Conservation and Carbon Sinks
Forest conservation andCarbon sinksIt is one of the important means to achieve NDCs
emission reduction targets. Countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions by protecting forests,
restoring ecosystems, and enhancing carbon sinks. For example, Brazil set a target in its
NDCs to reduce deforestation by 37% by 2030, and aims to increase carbon sinks through
strengthened forest protection and restoration. Indonesia set a target in its NDCs to reduce
deforestation by 29% by 2030, and protects forest resources through policy and legal mea-

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