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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

sures.
4. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the technological means to achieve NDCs
emission reduction targets. Countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions in industrial and en-
ergy sectors by developing and applying CCS technologies. For example, Norway set a tar-
get in its NDCs to achieve large-scale CCS projects by 2030, and promotes CCS technology
development through policy support and technological innovation. China set a target in its
NDCs to commercialize CCS technologies by 2030, and advances CCS applications through
pilot projects and policy support.
(3) Challenges and Improvements of NDCs
Although NDCs provide an important framework for global climate governance, their
implementation still faces numerous challenges. First, the emission reduction efforts in na-
tional NDCsremain insufficientto achieve the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. Ac-
cording to assessments by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the emis-
sion reduction efforts under global NDCsonlyIt can only limit the global temperature rise
to around 2.7°C, significantly higher than the target set by the Paris Agreement. Second, the
implementation of NDCs faces challenges in funding and technology transfer. Although the
Paris Agreement requires developed countries to provide developing countries with USD 100
billion annually in climate finance starting after 2020, actual funding delivery remains inad-
equate. Additionally, developing countries still encounter numerous obstacles in technology
access and capacity building, which constrains their ability to participate in global emission
reduction efforts. Finally, NDCs implementation also confronts political and economic chal-
lenges. Climate change is a global and long-term issue requiring countries to compromise on
political and economic interests. However, disagreements persist among nations on address-
ing climate change, particularly regarding energy transitions and industrial restructuring.
Furthermore, global economic uncertainties have increased the difficulty of implementing
NDCs.
To address these challenges, the international community needs to improve in the fol-
lowing aspects:
1. Strengthen NDCs’ mitigation efforts
Countries need to further enhance the emission reduction efforts outlined in their NDCs
to ensure alignment with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. To achieve this, nations
must adopt more proactive measures in energy transition, industrial upgrading, and ecologi-
cal conservation to accelerate the rapid decline of greenhouse gas emissions.
【2】 Strengthen Cooperation on Funding and Technology Transfer
The international community must strengthen cooperation on funding and technology
transfer to provide essential support for developing countries. Developed nations should
fulfill their financial commitments and facilitate the transfer of clean energy and low-carbon
technologies through multilateral and bilateral channels. Additionally, the global community

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