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Global Climate Change and Its Impacts

course for humanity’s prolonged battle against climate change, coupled with practical guid-
ance to promote coordinated global actions in confronting the formidable challenges posed
by climate change.
(1) Fundamental Principles for Developing Long-term Climate Change Mitigation
Strategies
1.Scientific Principle
The Scientific Principle forms the cornerstone of long-term climate change mitigation
strategies. It demands that every aspect of the strategy be deeply rooted in a thorough under-
standing and precise grasp of the scientific laws governing climate change. In the current era,
while significant progress has been made in human understanding of climate change through
rapid technological advancement and deepening research, continuous exploration and refine-
ment remain imperative.
To achieve comprehensive and in-depth understanding of climate change, it is essential
to establish a globally distributed climate monitoring network. Utilizing advanced meteoro-
logical satellites, ground-based monitoring stations, ocean buoys, and other equipment, this
network enables continuous and precise collection of massive climate datasets. These en-
compass critical meteorological parameters including temperature, precipitation, wind speed,
humidity, sea level height, as well as greenhouse gas concentrations. These data serve as the
cornerstone for constructing the edifice of climate change understanding, providing abundant
raw materials for subsequent analysis and research.
Building upon this foundation, utilize sophisticated and advanced climate models to
simulate and analyze the collected data. Climate models are tools based on mathematical
and physical principles that quantitatively simulate various climate factors and their inter-
actions. By simulating climate evolution under different scenarios, these models can clearly
reveal the causes of climate change, future trends, and their complex impact mechanisms on
ecosystems and human societies. For instance, model simulations can precisely quantify the
quantitative relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and temperature rise, projecting
under different emission scenariosglobaltemperature change trends over the coming decades
or even centuries. Simultaneously, they enable in-depth understanding of regional variations
in climate change characteristics—such as some areas potentially facing more frequent and
severe droughts, while others may experience intensified rainstorms and flooding.
Based on these in-depth scientific understandings, the formulated emission reduction
targets and action plans can align with objective laws, avoiding strategic decision-mak-
ing from falling into blindness. Taking the energy sector as an example, scientific research
has clearly defined the carbon emission intensity of different energy sources. Fossil fuels
like coal and petroleum release large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide
during combustion, while renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower gen-
erate almost no carbon emissions. Guided by these scientific conclusions, when formulat-
ing response strategies for the energy sector, we can rationally plan the direction of energy
structure adjustment. By intensifying the development and utilization of renewable energy

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